Fig. (3).

Clinical success of various ablation techniques for persistent/long-standing persistent atrial fibrillation. Rates are shown for single-procedure, drug-free success (white), multiple-procedure success (diagonal cross hatch), and anti- arrhythmic drug (AAD)-assisted success (dark double hatch). BOX: posterior wall isolation; LIN: conventional linear ablation; PVA: pulmonary vein antrum ablation; PVAI: pulmonary vein antrum isolation; PVI: pulmonary vein isolation; STEPWISE: stepwise ablation technique. Adapted from Brooks et al. [115].