Fig. 1.

Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid [poly(I:C)] increases expression of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) IL-6-type cytokines. MSC (5 × 10⁵ cells per 35-mm dish) maintained in DMEM/F-12 supplemented with 10% FBS were treated with an equal volume of saline, which served as no poly(I:C) control, or 0.8–20 μg/ml poly(I:C). Cells and culture medium were harvested after 24 h, and expression of IL-6 and IL-11 was analyzed by qRT-PCR (A) and ELISA (B). GAPDH was used as the reference gene in PCR analysis. Concentrations of IL-6 and IL-11 present in the conditioned-medium are expressed as pg/ml. n = 3–4; *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001 vs. no poly(I:C) control.