Table 3.
Summary of the impact of SES and LH on disease outcome (HAQ and DAS28 scores) at baseline*
| HAQ score (n = 549) | DAS28 score (n = 437) | |
|---|---|---|
| SES | ||
| Median (IQR) (n) | ||
| IMD1 | 0.88 (0.25–1.38) (153) | 3.69 (2.94–4.68) (125) |
| IMD2 | 0.88 (0.38–1.50) (211) | 3.77 (2.77–4.63) (161) |
| IMD3 | 0.88 (0.38–1.63) (119) | 3.93 (3.05–4.83) (99) |
| IMD4 | 1.19 (0.38–1.63) (66) | 4.14 (3.05–5.08) (52) |
| Median difference (95% CI) vs. IMD1† | ||
| IMD2 | −0.02 (−0.26, 0.23) | 0.14 (−0.23, 0.50) |
| IMD3 | 0.09 (−0.19, 0.37) | 0.26 (−0.15, 0.67) |
| IMD4 | 0.42 (0.08, 0.75)‡ | 0.64 (0.14, 1.14)‡ |
| Median difference (95% CI) vs. IMD1§ | ||
| IMD2 | 0.07 (−0.07, 0.20) | −0.03 (−0.41, 0.35) |
| IMD3 | 0.28 (0.13, 0.44)‡ | 0.19 (−0.24, 0.63) |
| IMD4 | 0.46 (0.27, 0.65)‡ | 0.38 (−0.16, 0.93) |
| Median difference (95% CI) vs. IMD1¶ | ||
| IMD2 | 0.03 (−0.15, 0.21) | −0.07 (−0.38, 0.25) |
| IMD3 | 0.06 (−0.15, 0.27) | 0.06 (−0.30, 0.42) |
| IMD4 | 0.02 (−0.23, 0.27) | 0.34 (−0.10, 0.78) |
| P | 0.96 | 0.31 |
| LH | ||
| Median (IQR) (n) | ||
| Low | 0.25 (0–0.63) (130) | 2.90 (2.39–3.61) (89) |
| Normal | 0.88 (0.38–1.38) (272) | 3.86 (2.98–4.76) (230) |
| High | 1.63 (1.0–2.0) (147) | 4.57 (3.48–4.49) (118) |
| Median difference (95% CI) vs. normal† | ||
| Low | −0.39 (−0.69, −0.10)# | −0.89 (−1.39, −0.40)# |
| High | 1.12 (0.82, 1.41)# | 1.23 (0.74, 1.72)# |
| Median difference (95% CI) vs. normal§ | ||
| Low | −0.38 (−0.66, −0.10)# | −0.68 (−1.23, −0.14)# |
| High | 1.05 (0.75, 1.34)# | 1.03 (0.48, 1.59)# |
SES = socioeconomic status; LH = learned helplessness; HAQ = Health Assessment Questionnaire; DAS28 = Disease Activity Score in 28 joints; IQR = interquartile range; IMD1 = Index of Multiple Deprivation rank 1 (least deprived); IMD4 = IMD rank 4 (most deprived); 95% CI = 95% confidence interval.
Adjusted for age at symptom onset, symptom duration, and sex (HAQ, n = 549; DAS28, n = 437).
Significant difference compared to patients from IMD1.
Adjusted for age at symptom onset, symptom duration, sex, smoking status, rheumatoid factor status, anti–citrullinated protein antibody status, and treatment with disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs or steroids (HAQ, n = 447; DAS28, n = 417).
Regression model including both SES and LH. Adjusted for age at symptom onset, symptom duration, sex, and LH.
Significant difference compared to patients with normal LH.