Table 2.
The Association Between HIV Infection and Elevated (>75th Percentile) Biomarkers of Inflammation (IL-6), Altered Coagulation (d-dimer), and Monocyte Activation (sCD14)
| IL-6 |
D-dimer |
sCD14 |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI |
| HIV uninfected | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – |
| HIV infected | 0.81 | (.55–1.19) | 0.95 | (.75–1.20) | 0.79 | (.62–1.02) |
| Age <40, years | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – |
| 40–49 | 0.93 | (.57–1.52) | 0.86 | (.53–1.40) | 1.10 | (.67–1.82) |
| 50–59 | 1.36 | (.84–2.22) | 1.28 | (.79–2.07) | 1.24 | (.75–2.04) |
| 60–69 | 1.80 | (1.05–3.08) | 1.51 | (.88–2.57) | 1.26 | (.72–2.20) |
| ≥70 | 2.15 | (1.07–4.31) | 2.23 | (1.15–4.32) | 1.30 | (.64–2.65) |
| White race | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – |
| Blacka | 0.59 | (.40–.88) | 1.63 | (1.22–2.18) | 0.85 | (.65–1.11) |
| Hispanic | 1.22 | (.81–1.82) | 1.29 | (.83–2.01) | 0.98 | (.65–1.46) |
| Other | 0.73 | (.42–1.28) | 1.21 | (.68–2.14) | 0.76 | (.44–1.31) |
| Prevalent CVD | 1.39 | (.98–1.98) | 1.89 | (1.35–2.65) | 1.17 | (.82–1.66) |
| Normal BP, mm Hg | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – |
| Prehypertension | 0.68 | (.48–.96) | 0.86 | (.60–1.22) | 0.88 | (.63–1.23) |
| Controlled hypertension | 1.01 | (.73–1.40) | 1.14 | (.82–1.58) | 1.19 | (.86–1.64) |
| Uncontrolled hypertension | 1.21 | (.87–1.68) | 1.44 | (1.02–2.02) | 0.91 | (.64–1.28) |
| Diabetes | 1.19 | (.93–1.54) | 0.99 | (.77–1.28) | 1.26 | (.98–1.62) |
| Never smoker | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – |
| Current | 1.67 | (1.17–2.37) | 1.28 | (0.92–1.79) | 1.23 | (.88–1.73) |
| Past | 1.06 | (.74–1.53) | 1.19 | (.83–1.72) | 1.15 | (.81–1.63) |
| BMI 18–25, kg/m2 | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – |
| <18 | 1.23 | (.58–2.60) | 1.72 | (.83–3.58) | 0.78 | (.35–1.73) |
| 25–29 | 0.85 | (.67–1.09) | 0.72 | (.57–.93) | 0.55 | (.43–.70) |
| >30 | 1.33 | (1.00–1.78) | 0.98 | (.74–1.31) | 0.43 | (.32–.59) |
| Cholesterol-lowering medication | 0.64 | (.50–.83) | 0.89 | (.69–1.14) | 1.10 | (.86–1.41) |
| High HDL (>60), mg/dL | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – |
| Medium (40–59) | 1.39 | (.98–1.98) | 1.01 | (.72–1.41) | 1.14 | (.78–1.65) |
| Low (<40) | 1.69 | (1.16–2.48) | 1.79 | (1.25–2.56) | 1.28 | (.88–1.87) |
| Optimal LDL(<100), mg/dL | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – |
| Near optimal (100–129) | 0.88 | (.66–1.18) | 0.77 | (.58–1.02) | 0.91 | (.69–1.18) |
| Borderline high (130–159) | 0.84 | (.57–1.26) | 1.23 | (.84–1.80) | 0.86 | (.58–1.27) |
| High or very high (≥160) | 0.82 | (.57–1.19) | 0.94 | (.65–1.36) | 0.81 | (.59–1.11) |
| Normal triglyceride (<150), mg/dL | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – |
| Borderline high (150–199) | 1.05 | (.76–1.44) | 0.79 | (.56–1.11) | 1.36 | (1.00–1.84) |
| High or very high (≥200) | 0.90 | (.68–1.20) | 0.74 | (.55–.99) | 1.60 | (1.19–2.14) |
| Cocaine use in last year | 1.25 | (.94–1.65) | 1.25 | (.94–1.65) | 0.93 | (.70–1.23) |
| Infrequent/moderate drinking | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – |
| Abuse/dependence; no current hazardous drinking | 1.24 | (.81–1.91) | 0.94 | (.61–1.43) | 1.20 | (.79–1.83) |
| Current hazardous drinking | 1.67 | (1.22–2.29) | 1.21 | (.88–1.67) | 1.30 | (.95–1.77) |
| Past drinking | 1.94 | (1.45–2.58) | 1.25 | (.95–1.65) | 1.19 | (.90–1.57) |
| HCVa | 1.05 | (.84–1.32) | 0.89 | (.71–1.13) | 1.51 | (1.20–1.89) |
| eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2a | 1.06 | (.61–1.86) | 2.54 | (1.84–3.48) | 1.86 | (1.11–3.11) |
IL-6 (N = 2345); d-dimer (N = 2352); sCD14 (N = 2357).
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; CVD, cardiovascular disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HCV, hepatitis C virus infection; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; OR, odds ratio.
a Significant interactions with HIV infection: IL-6 (black race and eGFR<60 mL/min/1.73 m2); d-dimer (none); sCD14 (eGFR<60 mL/min/1.73 m2).