Table 3.
Association Between HIV Infection Stratified by (a) HIV-1 RNA, and (b) CD4 Lymphocyte Count and Elevated (>75th Percentile) Biomarkers of Inflammation (IL-6), Altered Coagulation (d-dimer), and Monocyte Activation (sCD14)
| IL-6 |
d-dimer |
sCD14 |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI |
| (a) | ||||||
| (i) Age- and race/ethnicity-adjusted model | ||||||
| HIV uninfected | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – |
| HIV infected; RNA < 500 | 0.97 | (.77–1.21) | 0.64 | (.51–0.81) | 1.09 | (.88–1.35) |
| HIV infected; RNA ≥ 500 | 1.69 | (1.31–2.18) | 1.61 | (1.26–2.06) | 1.40 | (1.08–1.81) |
| (ii) Fully adjusted model | ||||||
| HIV uninfected | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – |
| HIV infected; RNA < 500 | 1.04 | (.79–1.36) | 0.71 | (.53–.97) | 0.89 | (.63–1.26) |
| HIV infected; RNA ≥ 500 | 1.54 | (1.14–2.09) | 1.97 | (1.44–2.71) | 1.48 | (1.00–2.20) |
| (b) | ||||||
| (i) Age- and race/ethnicity-adjusted model | ||||||
| HIV uninfected | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – |
| HIV infected; CD4+ count ≥ 500 | 0.57 | (.42–.76) | 0.56 | (.42–.74) | 0.76 | (.58–1.01) |
| HIV infected; CD4+ count 200–499 | 1.31 | (1.04–1.66) | 0.89 | (.70–1.14) | 1.06 | (.83–1.35) |
| HIV infected; CD4+ count <200 | 2.30 | (1.73–3.06) | 1.76 | (1.33–2.34) | 2.51 | (1.89–3.32) |
| (ii) Fully adjusted model | ||||||
| HIV uninfected | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – |
| HIV infected; CD4+ count ≥500 | 0.58 | (.41–.82) | .61 | (.45–.84) | 1.04 | (.67–1.60) |
| HIV infected; CD4+ count 200–499 | 1.41 | (1.06–1.88) | .97 | (.74–1.27) | 1.25 | (.83–1.87) |
| HIV infected; CD4+ count <200 | 2.25 | (1.60–3.16) | 1.68 | (1.22–2.32) | 2.60 | (1.64–4.14) |
Reference for all comparisons is HIV uninfected. HIV-1 RNA (copies/mL), CD4 count (cells/µL).
Models are adjusted for (i) age and race/ethnicity, and (ii) all covariates.
a) IL-6 (N = 2319); d-dimer (N = 2326); sCD14 (N = 2331).
Significant interactions in fully adjusted model (ii): IL-6 (HIV-1 RNA < or ≥500 and eGFR<60 mL/min/1.73 m2; P < .05), D-dimer (HIV-1 RNA ≥500 and diabetes; P < .05), sCD14 (HIV-1 RNA < or ≥500 and HCV, HIV-1 RNA <500 and eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2; P ≤ .05 for all).
b) IL-6 (N = 2308); d-dimer (N = 2315); sCD14 (N = 2320).
Significant interactions in fully adjusted model ii: IL-6 (CD4 ≥ 200 and eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2; P ≤ .05), sCD14 (CD4 ≥200 and current hazardous drinking, any CD4 count and HCV; P < .05 for all).
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HCV, hepatitis C virus; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; IL-6, interleukin 6; OR, odds ratio; sCD14, soluble CD14.