Table 1.

Overview of nanoparticle (NP) formulations in development for imaging and drug delivery with examples for approved drugs, with indication of the most important fields of application¹⁷²

Particle used	FDA-approved drugs
(A) Imaging
Iron oxide, gold NPs, gadolinium NPs, quantum dots	Endorem/feridex (superparamagnetic iron oxide associated with dextran, http://www.mr-tip.com/serv1.php?type=db1&dbs=Endorem)* Cliavist/resovist (superparamagnetic iron oxide, http://www.mr-tip.com/serv1.php?type=db1&dbs=resovist) Sinerem/combidex (ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide, http://www.mr-tip.com/serv1.php?type=db1&dbs=sinerem)*
(B) Drug delivery
Polymer-based Polyacrylamide, polymethylmethacrylate, polyalkylcyanoacrylate, polylactate-co-glycolate, phosopholipid, pluronic, poly l-amino acid, cyclodextrins	Adagen (PEGylated adenosine deaminase, immune, http://www.rxlist.com/adagen-drug.htm) Cimzia (PEGylated fab fragments of human TNF-α, immune, http://www.rxlist.com/cimzia-drug.htm) Copaxone (amino acid polymer, MS, http://www.rxlist.com/copaxone-drug.htm) Eligard (leuprolide acetate/poly[d,l-lactide-co-glycolide] polymer, onco, http://www.rxlist.com/eligard-drug.htm) Genexol-PM (PEGylated poly[lactic acid] micelle formulation of paclitaxel, onco, http://pharmalicensing.com/public/outlicensing/view/4809/genexol-pm) Macugen (PEGylated anti-VEGF aptamer, ophth, http://www.rxlist.com/macugen-drug.htm) Mircera (methoxy PEG-epoetin beta, onco, http://www.rxlist.com/mircera-drug.htm) Neulasta (PEGylated filgrastin, onco, http://www.rxlist.com/neulasta-drug.htm) Oncaspar (PEGylated l-asparaginase, onco, http://www.rxlist.com/oncaspar-drug.htm) Pegasys (PEGylated interferon α-2a, immune, http://www.rxlist.com/pegasys-drug.htm) PegIntron (pegylated interferon α-2b, immune, http://www.rxlist.com/pegintron-and-rebetol-drug.htm) Renagel (polymeric amine, dialysis, http://www.rxlist.com/renagel-drug.htm) Somavert (PEGylated human hormone receptor antagonist, endo, http://www.rxlist.com/somavert-drug.htm) Taxotere (micellar docetaxel, onco, http://www.rxlist.com/taxotere-drug.htm)
Lipid-based Solid-lipid NPs, nanostructured lipid carriers	Abelcet (lipid complex of amphotericin B, infection, http://www.rxlist.com/abelcet-drug.htm) AmBisome (liposomal formulation of amphotericin B, infection, http://www.rxlist.com/ambisome-drug.htm) Amphocil/Amphotec (micellar amphotericin B, infection, http://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?id=6780) Estrasorb (micellar estradiol, endo, http://www.rxlist.com/script/main/rxlist.asp?drug=estrasorb&monotype=rx-desc&monopage=1) Definity (liposomal octofluoroproane, cardio, http://www.rxlist.com/definity-drug.htm) DaunoXome/Myocet (liposomal formulation of duanorubicin, onco, http://www.ema.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?curl=pages/medicines/human/medicines/000297/human_med_000916.jsp&mid=WC0b01ac058001d124) DepoCyt (liposomal formulation of cytarabine, onco, http://www.rxlist.com/depocyt-drug.htm) DepoDur (liposomal formulation of morphine, onco, http://www.rxlist.com/depodur-drug.htm) Doxil/Caelyx (PEGylated liposomal formulation of doxorubicin, onco, http://www.rxlist.com/doxil-drug.htm) Mepact (liposomal mifamurtide, onco, http://www.cancer.gov/dictionary?cdrid=644758) Octocog alfa (liposomal factor VIII, hematology http://www.medicines.org.uk/guides/Octocog%20alfa/Haemophilia) Visudyne (liposomal formulation of verteporfin, ophth, http://www.rxlist.com/visudyne-drug.htm)
Protein-based Albumin	Abraxane (albumin-bound paclitaxel, onco, http://www.rxlist.com/abraxane-drug.htm)
Nanocrystals	Avinza (nanocrystal morphine, pain, http://www.rxlist.com/avinza-drug.htm) Cardizem (nanocrystal diltiazem, cardio, http://www.rxlist.com/cardizem-drug.htm) Emend (nanocrystal aprepitant, onco, http://www.rxlist.com/emend-drug.htm) Focalin (nanocrystal dexmethyl phenidate, ADHD, http://www.rxlist.com/focalin-drug.htm) Invega sustenna (nanocrystal paliperidone palmitate, schizophrenia, http://www.rxlist.com/invega-sustenna-drug.htm) Megace ES (nanocrystal megestrol, immune, http://www.rxlist.com/megace-drug.htm) Naprelan (nanocrystal naproxen, immune, http://www.rxlist.com/naprelan-drug.htm) Rapamune (nanocrystal sirolimus, immune, http://www.rxlist.com/rapamune-drug.htm) Ritalin (nanocrystal methyl phenidate, ADHD, http://www.rxlist.com/ritalin-drug.htm) Theo-Dur (nanocrystal theophylline, resp, http://www.rxmed.com/b.main/b2.pharmaceutical/b2.1.monographs/CPS-%20Monographs/CPS-%20%28General%20Monographs-%20T%29/THEO-dur.html) Tricor (nanocrystal fenofibrate, cardio, http://www.rxlist.com/tricor-drug.htm) Triglide (nanocrystal fenofibrate, cardio, http://www.rxlist.com/triglide-drug.htm) Verelan (nanocrystal verapamil, cardio, (http://www.rxlist.com/verelan-drug.htm)
Metallic NPs Gold, iron oxide, quantum dots	Feraheme (ferumoxytol, anemia, http://www.rxlist.com/feraheme-drug.htm)
Polysaccharide-based Chitosan, alginate	None
Dendrimers Poly(amido amine), poly(ethyleneimine)	None
Biological Retrovirus, lentivirus, adenovirus, herpes simplex virus -1, adeno-associated virus	Gardasil/Cevarix (human papilloma virus-like particles, vaccination, http://www.emea.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?curl=pages/medicines/human/medicines/000721/human_med_000694.sjsp) Engerix/Recombivax (human hepatitis B virus-like particles, vaccination, http://www.ema.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?curl=pages/medicines/human/referrals/Engerix_B/human_referral_000098.jsp&mid=WC0b01ac0580024e9a)
Others Fullerenes, ceramic (silica) NPs, titanium dioxide NPs,	None

Note:

^*Withdrawn from the market.

Abbreviations: PEG, polyethylene glycol; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; MS, multiple sclerosis; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; onco, oncology; immune, modulation of immune system; endo, endocrine; cardio, cardiology; resp, respiratory problems; ophth, ophthalmology; ADHD, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.