Figure 4.
Effect of the agitation rate on DCWA (A), DCWS (B), and ethanol concentration and cellulase activity (C) in co-culture of A. cellulolyticus and S. cerevisiae. Ethanol production was carried out as the same method of Fig. 3, except for agitation rates, 80–220 rpm. Symbols in A and B: closed circles, 80 rpm; closed squares, 130 rpm; closed triangles, 180 rpm; open circles, 220 rpm. Closed and open bars in C denote ethanol concentration and cellulase activity, respectively. Arrow indicates inoculum and SF-addition time. Error bars denote standard deviation (n = 3). As determined by ANOVA analysis, the ethanol concentrations and cellulase activities affected by agitation rate in D are significant at p < 0.001 and p < 0.0001, respectively