Figure 1. Schematic illustrating the four experimental conditions used in our protocol.

Auditory voice feedback either remained present throughout the trial (A), or was replaced with masking noise after 10 s (NA). Similarly, visual feedback of vocal intensity relative to the 80 dB SPL target either remained present throughout the trial (V), or was removed after 10 s (NV). Following feedback manipulations, participants were instructed to make continued responses synchronized with the visual metronome and at the target vocal intensity for the remainder of the trial. We hypothesized that provision of visual reference stimuli would calibrate attenuated somatosensory signals and result in reduced expression of the Lombard effect following removal of auditory voice feedback.