. 2012 Apr 24;17(6):500–511. doi: 10.1007/s12199-012-0282-x

Table 1.

Distribution of basic attributes and parameters associated with social isolation in 2007 and 2010

Basic attributes/social isolation-related parameters	n	2007		2010		p value^a
Basic attributes/social isolation-related parameters	n	n	%	n	%	p value^a
Gender
Male	87	38	43.0	38	43.0
Female	87	49	57.0	49	57.0
Age						0.01
Mean age	86	74.2 ± 6.4^b		76.7 ± 6.4^b
≥75 years	86	38	44.2	53	61.7
65–74		48	55.8	33	38.4
Household members						0.19
1	86	14	16.1	18	20.9
2		52	59.8	44	51.2
≥3		21	24.1	24	27.9
Length of residence	87	25.2 ± 7.4^b		27.2 ± 7.4^b		0.01
Subjective sense of well-being						1.00
Low	87	30	34.5	29	33.3
High	87	57	65.5	58	66.7
Depression						1.00
Present	68	16	23.5	16	23.5
Absent	68	52	76.5	52	76.5
Number of diseases under treatment						0.50
Less than 2 diseases	87	21	24.1	25	28.7
More than 3 diseases	87	66	75.9	62	71.3
Experience of falls						0.08
Present	87	16	18.4	25	28.7
Absent	87	71	81.6	62	71.3
IADL						0.01
Low	85	10	11.8	15	17.6
High	85	75	88.2	70	82.4
Number of hobbies and activities						0.54
Less than 2 activities	86	23	26.7	27	31.4
More than 3 activities	86	63	73.3	59	68.6
Household income						1.00
Low	82	14	17.1	14	17.1
High	82	68	82.9	68	82.9
Frequency of daily activity outside the home						0.33
Low	86	8	9.3	13	15.1
High	86	78	90.7	63	75.0
Frequency of social contact with neighbors						0.59
Low	84	31	36.0	35	40.7
High	84	55	64.0	51	59.3
Types of social isolation
Non-isolation group	86	49	57.0	44	51.2	0.57
Inactive and non-isolated group		6	7.0	7	8.1
Would-be-isolated group		29	33.7	29	33.7
Isolated group		2	2.3	6	7.0
Status of long-term care need						0.01
Required	84	7	8.3	16	19.0
Not required	84	77	91.7	68	81.0
Acceptance of emotional support						0.26
Absent	86	18	20.9	12	14.0
Present	86	68	79.1	74	86.0
Provision of emotional support						1.00
Absent	85	22	25.9	23	27.1
Present	85	63	74.1	62	72.9
Acceptance of instrumental support						1.00
Absent	86	12	14.0	11	12.8
Present	86	74	86.0	75	87.2
Provision of instrumental support						1.00
Absent	78	9	10.8	10	12.0
Present	78	74	89.2	73	88.0

IADL, Instrumental activities of daily living

^aMcNemar’s test, Wilcoxon signed-rank sum test

^bMean ± standard deviation (SD)