Figure 1. Reconstruction of central and lipid metabolism pathways of R. toruloides.

The metabolic network that was reconstructed from the KEGG pathway and SGD annotation (http://www.yeastgenome.org/) included glycolysis (grey), the pentose phosphate pathway (olive), the TCA cycle, fatty acid de novo synthesis, isoprenoid biosynthesis (blue), triacylglycerol and phospholipid biosynthesis (purple) and lipolysis, β-oxidation in mitochondria (orange) or peroxisomes (pale green) and the glyoxylate cycle. Metabolic reactions that were present in R. toruloides but absent in S. cerevisiae are indicated with blue arrows, and upregulation and downregulation of genes in response to nitrogen depletion are highlighted in red and green, respectively. Abbreviations for the components of the fatty acid synthase system are ACP, acyl carrier protein; AT, acyltransferase; DH, dehydratase; ER, enoyl reductase; KR, ketoacyl reductase; KS, ketoacyl synthase; MPT, malonyl/palmitoyl transferase; PPT, phosphopantetheine transferase. More abbreviations, gene symbols, annotations and expression abundance data are included in Supplementary Tables S8 and S9.