Figure 3. Differential transcriptome of R. toruloides in response to nitrogen limitation.

(a) Global profiling of gene expression changes. (b) Gene ontology enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes. GO terms of biological process (level 3) were analysed and significantly enriched catalogues (when compared with the entire proteome, and P-value <0.05, Pearson's χ²- test) are indicated with asterisks. (c) Expression changes (upregulation in red) of NCR-related genes. Pathways of urate and urea utilization, central nitrogen metabolism, vacuolar protein degradation and nitrogenous compound uptake were induced. (d) Relative expression levels (upregulation in red and downregulation in blue) of 65 ribosomal protein-encoding genes.