Table 1.
Sociodemographic Characteristics of the Participants
| Japanese (n = 46) |
Japanese American Immigrant (n = 32) |
European American (n = 40) |
F | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Infant age (days) | 161.89a (9.16) |
171.84b (13.60) |
163.25a (5.38) |
F (2, 115) = 11.17, p < .001, η2p= .16 |
| Infant gender (girls:boys) | 23:23 | 15:17 | 17:23 | χ2 (2, N = 118) = 0.48, ns |
| Mother age | 29.03a (2.90) |
31.95b (3.22) |
29.43a (4.95) |
F (2, 109) = 5.84, p < .01, η2p = .01 |
| Mother education | 5.58 (0.88) |
5.75 (0.76) |
5.73 (0.99) |
F (2, 112) = 0.42, ns, η2p = .01 |
| Hours mothers work per week (all mothers) | 14.30 (20.57) |
7.06 (14.51) |
16.92 (17.99) |
F (2, 84) = 2.96, ns, η2p = .07 |
| Employed mothers: Nonemployed | 8:9 | 9:23 | 20:20 | χ2 (2, N = 89) = 3.76, ns |
| Hours employed mothers work per week outside the home | 35.75 (16.26) |
25.11 (17.48) |
33.85 (7.82) |
F(2, 32) = 1.88, ns, η2p = .11 |
| Proportion of time mother was in view of the infant during the observation | .92 (.18) |
.95 (.09) |
.96 (.06) |
F (2, 115) = 1.21, ns, η2p = .02 |
Notes. M (SD) unless otherwise specified. ANOVAs with one between-subjects factor (Cultural Group) were performed separately for each sociodemographic characteristic and were followed by t-tests with Bonferroni’s correction, p < .05; different subscripts indicate significant group differences. Maternal education was scored on the 7-point Hollingshead (1975) index. Because differences exist between countries in the frequency, quality, and content of schooling, bicultural researchers adjusted mothers’ years of schooling so that the scales were equivalent to the Hollingshead (1975) index. Sample sizes for some analyses differ due to missing data.