Table 1.
Approved and promising cellular targets under clinical investigation in autoimmunity.
| Extracellular Target | Predominant Cell Type | Drug name | Clinical Status | Disease | Citation(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CD20 | B cell | Rituximab | FDA Approved | RA/GPA/MPA | (10), (16), (17) (18), (25), (29), (30) |
| RCT | Cryoglobulinemic Vasculitis/Sjogren’s Syndrome | (37), (38), (41) | |||
| B Cell | Ofatumumab | Phase III | RA | (49), (50) | |
| CD22 | B Cell | Epratuzumab | Phase III*** | SLE | (53) (56) |
| Phase I/II | Sjogren’s syndrome | (57) | |||
| BLyS/BAFF | B Cell | Belimumab | FDA approved | SLE | (64), (65), (66) |
| Blisibimod | Phase II | SLE | (67), (69) | ||
| Tabalumab | Phase III**** | SLE/RA | (67) | ||
| CD28 | T Cell | Abatacept | FDA approved | RA/JIA | (75), (76), (77), (78) (79), (80), (81) |
| Phase II | SLE/Psoriatic Arthritis | (82), (84) | |||
| CD2 | T Cell | Alefacept | FDA approved | Psoriasis | (85) |
| Alefacept + MTX | RCT | Psoriatic Arthritis | (88) | ||
| CD11a | T Cell | Efalizumab | FDA approved* | Psoriasis | (89) |
| Phase II** | Psoriatic Arthritis | (90) | |||
| CD25 | T Cell | Daclizumab | Phase II | Posterior and JIA associated Uveitis/Multiple Sclerosis | (95), (96), (97), (99) |
| CCR5 | T Cell and Myeloid cells | Maraviroc | Phase II** | RA | (108) |
| AZD5672 | Phase II** | RA | (109) | ||
| CCR1 | T Cell and Myeloid cells | CCX354-C | Phase II | RA | (115) |
| Intracellular Target | Predominant Cell Type | Drug name | Clinical Status | Disease | Citation(s) |
| Jak | B cell & T Cell | Tofacitinib | Phase III | RA | (140), (141), (142), (143) |
| Syk | B cell & T Cell | Fostamatinib | Phase III | RA | (147), (148), (149) |
| ABL/C-Kit | Fibroblast | Imatinib | Phase I/II | SSc | (160), (161), (162) |
*
Efalizumab has been voluntarily withdrawn from the market.
**
Failed to reach primary endpoint of ACR20.
***
Phase III trials discontinued due to medication supply interruptions.
****
Phase III trials ongoing.