Table 1.

Clinical features of HAM/TSP.

Motor Disturbance

Symptoms: gait disturbance, tendency to fall, stumbling, and leg weakness

Signs: spastic paraparesis, weakness and hyperreflexia of the lower limbs, clonus, and Babinski’s sign

Sensory Disturbance

Symptoms: pain and numbness at the lumbar level and lower limbs and back pain

Signs: paresthesia of the feet and occasionally of the hands, sensory level at the lower thoracic spinal cord, loss of light touch sensation

Autonomic Dysfunction

Symptoms: urinary frequency, urgency, incontinence, retention, constipation, and sexual dysfunction

Signs: neurogenic bladder, overactive bladder, diminished peristalsis, and erectile dysfunction