Table 2.
Multivariable HR1 and 95% CI across quintiles (Q) of total sugars, added sugars, total fructose and sucrose intake in 255,696 men in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study for all cancers, oral, esophageal, lung, pleural and bladder cancer, and leukemia2
| N cases |
Multivariable HRs (95% CI) by quintiles3 of intake |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | Ptrend | ||
| All cancers5 | 28,752 | |||||
| Total sugars | 0.98 (0.95 – 1.02) | 0.98 (0.94 – 1.02) | 0.97 (0.92 – 1.01) | 0.94 (0.89 – 1.00) | 0.04 | |
| Added sugars4 | 0.99 (0.96 – 1.03) | 1.00 (0.96 – 1.03) | 1.00 (0.97 – 1.05) | 0.97 (0.93 – 1.01) | 0.24 | |
| Total fructose | 1.00 (0.96 – 1.04) | 0.99 (0.95 – 1.03) | 0.96 (0.92 – 1.01) | 0.94 (0.89 – 1.00) | 0.02 | |
| Sucrose | 0.96 (0.93 – 1.00) | 0.97 (0.93 – 1.01) | 0.97 (0.93 – 1.01) | 0.99 (0.95 – 1.04) | 0.84 | |
| Oral cancer6 | 547 | |||||
| Total sugars | 0.78 (0.61 – 1.01) | 0.64 (0.49 – 0.85) | 0.68 (0.52 – 0.90) | 0.71 (0.54 – 0.93) | 0.01 | |
| Added sugars4 | 0.98 (0.75 – 1.27) | 0.87 (0.66 – 1.14) | 0.68 (0.51 – 0.91) | 0.81 (0.61 – 1.08) | 0.07 | |
| Total fructose | 0.84 (0.66 – 1.07) | 0.63 (0.48 – 0.83) | 0.71 (0.54 – 0.93) | 0.71 (0.54 – 0.94) | 0.01 | |
| Sucrose | 0.77 (0.60 – 1.00) | 0.73 (0.56 – 0.95) | 0.72 (0.55 – 0.94) | 0.65 (0.49 – 0.86) | 0.004 | |
| Esophageal cancer7 | 384 | |||||
| Total sugars | 1.07 (0.78 – 1.47) | 1.06 (0.76 – 1.49) | 1.14 (0.79 – 1.63) | 1.09 (0.73 – 1.63) | 0.64 | |
| Added sugars4 | 0.98 (0.70 – 1.35) | 0.85 (0.60 – 1.20) | 1.08 (0.77 – 1.51) | 1.44 (1.03 – 2.03) | 0.007 | |
| Total fructose | 1.09 (0.79 – 1.50) | 1.13 (0.81 – 1.59) | 1.14 (0.79 – 1.63) | 1.28 (0.87 – 1.87) | 0.22 | |
| Sucrose | 0.78 (0.56 – 1.08) | 0.89 (0.64 – 1.24) | 0.97 (0.70 – 1.36) | 1.05 (0.75 – 1.48) | 0.40 | |
| Lung cancer8 | 3,302 | |||||
| Total sugars | 0.86 (0.78 – 0.96) | 0.85 (0.76 – 0.95) | 0.87 (0.77 – 0.97) | 0.85 (0.76 – 0.97) | 0.02 | |
| Added sugars4 | 0.97 (0.87 – 1.09) | 0.96 (0.86 – 1.08) | 0.94 (0.84 – 1.06) | 0.90 (0.80 – 1.01) | 0.06 | |
| Total fructose | 0.87 (0.79 – 0.97) | 0.81 (0.72 – 0.90) | 0.83 (0.74 – 0.93) | 0.85 (0.75 – 0.96) | 0.009 | |
| Sucrose | 0.93 (0.83 – 1.03) | 0.88 (0.78 – 0.98) | 0.86 (0.77 – 0.96) | 0.93 (0.84 – 1.04) | 0.26 | |
| Pleural cancer6 | 102 | |||||
| Total sugars | 1.42 (0.70 – 2.86) | 1.57 (0.78 – 3.17) | 1.13 (0.53 – 2.43) | 2.64 (1.33 – 5.24) | 0.006 | |
| Added sugars4 | 2.07 (0.99 – 4.33) | 2.19 (1.04 – 4.60) | 2.10 (0.98 – 4.51) | 2.90 (1.35 – 6.24) | 0.03 | |
| Total fructose | 1.91 (0.96 – 3.80) | 1.58 (0.77 – 3.24) | 1.40 (0.67 – 2.96) | 2.23 (1.10 – 4.52) | 0.09 | |
| Sucrose | 0.97 (0.48 – 1.99) | 0.96 (0.47 – 1.99) | 1.76 (0.92 – 3.36) | 1.75 (0.90 – 3.42) | 0.02 | |
| Bladder cancer9 | 1,093 | |||||
| Total sugars | 0.85 (0.70 – 1.02) | 0.89 (0.73 – 1.07) | 0.88 (0.72 – 1.08) | 0.85 (0.68 – 1.05) | 0.23 | |
| Added sugars4 | 0.96 (0.79 – 1.17) | 1.01 (0.83 – 1.23) | 1.16 (0.96 – 1.42) | 1.06 (0.86 – 1.31) | 0.31 | |
| Total fructose | 0.95 (0.79 – 1.15) | 1.02 (0.84 – 1.23) | 0.99 (0.82 – 1.21) | 1.00 (0.82 – 1.23) | 0.86 | |
| Sucrose | 0.72 (0.59 – 0.88) | 0.89 (0.73 – 1.08) | 0.96 (0.79 – 1.17) | 1.00 (0.82 – 1.22) | 0.20 | |
| Leukemia6 | 584 | |||||
| Total sugars | 0.99 (0.76 – 1.28) | 0.88 (0.67 – 1.16) | 1.07 (0.82 – 1.39) | 0.97 (0.73 – 1.28) | 0.96 | |
| Added sugars4 | 1.25 (0.95 – 1.64) | 1.28 (0.97 – 1.68) | 1.45 (1.09 – 1.91) | 1.09 (0.80 – 1.48) | 0.90 | |
| Total fructose | 1.10 (0.85 – 1.44) | 1.09 (0.84 – 1.43) | 1.09 (0.83 – 1.43) | 1.00 (0.75 – 1.33) | 0.83 | |
| Sucrose | 1.11 (0.85 – 1.45) | 0.99 (0.75 – 1.30) | 1.07 (0.81 – 1.40) | 1.15 (0.87 – 1.51) | 0.41 | |
Cox proportional hazards regression model adjusted for age, BMI (<18.5, ≥18.5 to <25, ≥25 to <30, ≥30 to <35, ≥35, or missing), family history of cancer, marital status, smoking (never smoker, quit >=10 yrs ago, quit 5–9 yrs ago, quit 1–4 yrs ago, quit <1yr ago <=20 cigs/d, quit <1yr ago >20 cigs/d, current <=20 cigs/d, current 20–40 cigs/d, current >40 cigs/d, or missing), race (Caucasian, Black, Hispanic/Asian/Pacific Islander/American Indian/Alaskan native, or unknown), education (less than high school/unknown, high school graduate, some college, or college graduate), physical activity (never/rarely/missing, 1–3 times per month, 1–2 times per week, 3–4 times per week, or ≥5 times per week), energy intake (kcal, continuous) and alcohol intake (grams, quintiles).
Cancer sites which were statistically significantly associated with dietary sugars in either men or women are reported in this table. Findings for the remaining 17 cancers are reported as online material.
Medians by quintile of intake were: 33.8, 46.1, 55.7, 66.5 and 85.3 g/1000 kcal for total sugars; 2.2, 3.5, 5.0, 7.0 and 11.2 tsp/1000 kcal for added sugars; 12.8, 18.2, 22.7, 28.0 and 38.1 g/1000 kcal for total fructose; and 11.9, 17.0, 21.2, 26.3 and 35.5 g/1000 kcal for sucrose.
Additionally adjusted for fruit without juice (g/1000 kcal, quintiles) and for fruit juice (g/1000 kcal, quintiles) to separate the effect of fruit juice and whole fruits.
Additionally adjusted for vegetables (g/1000 kcal, quintiles), red meat (g/1000 kcal, quintiles), total fat (g/1000 kcal, quintiles), protein (g/1000 kcal, quintiles), fiber (g/1000 kcal, quintiles), folate (µg/1000 kcal, quintiles), beta-carotene (µg/1000 kcal, quintiles), vitamin C (mg/1000 kcal quintiles) and calcium intake (mg/1000 kcal quintiles), use of supplemental calcium (mg, quintiles) and height (cm, continuous).
Additionally adjusted for vegetables intake.
Additionally adjusted for vegetables, red meat, beta-carotene and vitamin C intake.
Additionally adjusted for vegetables, red meat and saturated fat intake (g/1000 kcal, quintiles).
Additionally adjusted for vegetables and red meat intake.