Table 4.

Adjusted odds ratios for breast-related health care use after introduction of digital mammography relative to the year before.

	Year Before Digital	1 Year After Digital OR* (95%CI)	2 Years After Digital OR (95%CI)	3 Years After Digital OR (95%CI)	4 Years After Digital OR (95%CI)
All mammograms
Mammography	ref	1.68 (1.36,2.09)	2.08 (1.65,2.62)	1.84 (1.34,2.51)	1.82 (1.22,2.72)
Ultrasound	ref	1.31 (1.02,1.67)	1.12 (0.74,1.71)	0.99 (0.62,1.58)	0.92 (0.53,1.62)
Biopsy	ref	1.15 (0.88,1.52)	1.33 (0.83,2.12)	1.36 (0.75,2.49)	1.84 (0.78,4.34)
Any follow-up	ref	1.56 (1.27,1.91)	1.81 (1.41,2.34)	1.62 (1.17,2.22)	1.52 (1.05,2.19)
Negative†
Mammography	ref	1.96 (1.44,2.65)	3.34 (2.29,4.87)	3.09 (1.87,5.11)	2.78 (1.53,5.05)
Ultrasound	ref	1.37 (0.77,2.45)	1.41 (0.60,3.27)	1.58 (0.49,5.10)	1.81 (0.39,8.34)
Biopsy	ref	0.70 (0.32,1.56)	0.75 (0.30,1.87)	0.84 (0.25,2.78)	0.89 (0.18,4.48)
Any follow-up	ref	1.63 (1.20,2.22)	2.43 (1.67,3.54)	2.18 (1.34,3.56)	1.96 (1.14,3.39)
False-positive or short interval follow-up†
Mammography	ref	1.01 (0.65,1.55)	0.78 (0.36,1.66)	0.65 (0.26,1.65)	0.99 (0.31,3.19)
Ultrasound	ref	0.72 (0.50,1.04)	0.41 (0.27,0.64)	0.29 (0.16,0.53)	0.21 (0.10,0.47)
Biopsy	ref	0.97 (0.66,1.42)	1.15 (0.54,2.46)	1.17 (0.45,3.01)	2.03 (0.56,7.33)
Any follow-up	ref	0.77 (0.37,1.62)	0.31 (0.09,1.05)	0.22 (0.05,0.95)	0.20 (0.03,1.58)

^*Odds ratios were adjusted for calendar year, prior utilization, age, race (categorized as white vs. non-white), screening interval (categorized as one year vs. other), and mammography facility.

^†Mammograms with missing results or recommendations (1.4%) were excluded from analysis.