Table 1.
Associations between vaginal HIV-1 RNA and vaginal cytokine levels, sorted by unadjusted p-value
| Cytokine | Median conc. (pg/mL) | IQR | % above LOD | Unadjusted | Adjusted for plasma log10 HIV-1 RNA | Adjusted for plasma log10 HIV-1 RNA, HC use, and presence of STI+ | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||||||||
| Reg. Coef | 95% CI | p- value# | Reg. Coef. | 95% CI | p- value# | Reg. Coef | 95% CI | p- value# | ||||
| IP-10* | 199 | 58.8, 644.6 | 100 | 0.744 | (0.352, 1.136) | <0.001 | 0.692 | (0.346, 1.037) | <0.001 | 0.613 | (0.224, 1.003) | 0.003 |
| MIP-1β | 7.68 | 3.03, 22.3 | 90 | 0.781 | (0.231, 1.332) | 0.006 | 0.643 | (0.138, 1.149) | 0.014 | 0.579 | (0.038, 1.121) | 0.04 |
| IL-7^ | 0.76 | 0.76, 2.62 | 44 | 0.919 | (0.254, 1.583) | 0.008 | 0.826 | (0.231, 1.420) | 0.008 | 0.687 | (0.004, 1.369) | 0.05 |
| IFN-α2* | 3.48 | 1.61, 6.45 | 81 | 0.826 | (0.127, 1.525) | 0.022 | 0.712 | (0.081, 1.342) | 0.028 | 0.626 | (−0.067, 1.320) | 0.08 |
| G-CSF* | 39.6 | 5.05, 291 | 81 | 0.325 | (0.025, 0.625) | 0.035 | 0.248 | (−0.028, 0.524) | 0.08 | 0.208 | (−0.091, 0.507) | 0.2 |
| IL-6^ | 0.76 | 0.76, 11.34 | 48 | 0.73 | (0.049, 1.412) | 0.036 | 0.465 | (−0.183, 1.114) | 0.2 | 0.463 | (−0.215, 1.142) | 0.2 |
| IL-8* | 893 | 269, 3287 | 98 | 0.428 | (0.018, 0.838) | 0.041 | 0.450 | (0.091, 0.809) | 0.015 | 0.423 | (0.042, 0.804) | 0.03 |
| TNF-α^ | 2.06 | 0.76, 7.11 | 63 | 0.733 | (0.022, 1.444) | 0.044 | 0.911 | (0.299, 1.523) | 0.004 | 0.845 | (0.213, 1.477) | 0.01 |
| Eotaxin* | 30.2 | 13.0, 50.2 | 98 | 0.759 | (−0.004, 1.522) | 0.051 | ||||||
| IL-15^ | 0.76 | 0.76, 0.76 | 15 | 0.952 | (−0.011, 1.915) | 0.053 | ||||||
| IL-4^ | 2.86 | 0.76, 5.99 | 73 | 0.751 | (−0.038, 1.539) | 0.062 | ||||||
| GM-CSF^ | 0.76 | 0.76, 1.87 | 31 | 0.648 | (−0.095, 1.390) | 0.09 | ||||||
| IL-1α* | 349 | 94.8, 713 | 100 | 0.472 | (−0.131, 1.075) | 0.1 | ||||||
| IL-1β^ | 7.05 | 0.76, 21.3 | 69 | 0.571 | (−0.193, 1.334) | 0.1 | ||||||
| IL-5^ | 0.76 | 0.76, 0.76 | 6 | 1.075 | (−0.352, 2.502) | 0.1 | ||||||
| IL-12p70^ | 0.76 | 0.76, 1.83 | 27 | 0.593 | (−0.187, 1.372) | 0.1 | ||||||
| IFN-γ^ | 1.15 | 0.76, 4.45 | 50 | 0.515 | (−0.184, 1.213) | 0.2 | ||||||
| MIP-1α^ | 2.76 | 0.76, 8.11 | 63 | 0.495 | (−0.235, 1.224) | 0.2 | ||||||
| IL-10^ | 0.76 | 0.76, 0.76 | 17 | 0.489 | (−0.452, 1.429) | 0.3 | ||||||
| IL-17^ | 1.58 | 0.76, 4.15 | 50 | 0.327 | −0.403, 1.057) | 0.4 | ||||||
| MCP-1^ | 4.11 | 0.76, 38.4 | 71 | 0.355 | (−0.438, 1.147) | 0.4 | ||||||
| IL-3^ | 0.76 | 0.76, 1.87 | 29 | 0.241 | (−0.555, 1.038) | 0.5 | ||||||
| IL-12p40^ | 3.39 | 0.76, 8.11 | 60 | 0.225 | (−0.518, 0.968) | 0.5 | ||||||
| TNF-β^ | 0.76 | 0.76, 0.76 | 8 | 0.467 | (−0.807, 1.741) | 0.5 | ||||||
| IL-2^ | 0.76 | 0.76, 0.76 | 10 | 0.311 | (−0.845, 1.468) | 0.6 | ||||||
| IL-13^ | 0.76 | 0.76, 0.76 | 13 | −0.083 | (−1.155, 0.988) | 0.9 | ||||||
+
Abbreviations: LOD: Limit above detection; HC: hormonal contraceptives; STI: sexually transmitted infection including genital ulcer disease, gonorrhea, candida, bacterial vaginosis, chylamydia, or trichomoniasis; Reg Coef., regression coefficienct, CI: Confidence interval
*
log10 transformed values.
^
Dichotomized variable, testing for > lower limit
#
Nominal p-value is reported, with significant associations indicated by bold type based on p-value < 0.05. Those that remained significant after controlling for a false discovery rate of 5% are underlined, with the assumption of 26 tests for each set of calculations (both univariate and multivariate).