Table 2.

Neuropsychological tests of working memory and reasoning.

Cognitive Function	Cognitive Measure	DLPFC	NonDLPFC	NO LESION	ANOVA F value	ANOVA p value	Significant between-group differences
Maintenance	Digit Span Forward	6.05 (1.22)	6.33 (1.20)	6.68 (1.22)	2.47	0.09	none
Maintenance	Spatial Span Forward	9.16 (3.20)	9.52 (3.27)	10.22 (2.69)	1.25	0.29	none
Monitoring: No Cognitive Load	Zero-Back Errors	1.71 (2.66)	1.26 (1.73)	1.08 (2.33)	0.65	0.53	none
Monitoring: Low Cognitive Load	One-Back Errors	3.12 (2.98)	2.98 (2.26)	2.57 (2.48)	0.66	0.52	none
Monitoring: Medium Cognitive Load	Two-Back Errors	4.76 (2.02)	4.55 (2.48)	3.85 (2.39)	1.8	0.17	none
Monitoring: High Cognitive Load	Three-Back Errors	5.65 (2.98)	5.95 (2.66)	4.68 (2.40)	4.39	0.01	NonDLPFC > NO LESION**
Manipulation	Letter-Number Sequencing	9.32 (3.25)	10.08 (2.67)	11.04 (2.66)	3.63	0.03	DLPFC < NO LESION*
Manipulation	Digit Span Backward	4.53 (1.35)	4.59 (1.34)	4.96 (1.41)	1.62	0.20	none
Manipulation	Spatial Span Backward	10.58 (3.37)	11.23 (2.89)	12.02 (3.12)	2.09	0.13	none
Reasoning	Arithmetic	8.74 (3.12)	10.49 (2.77)	11.00 (2.25)	4.78	0.01	DLPFC < NonDLPFC*
Reasoning	Matrix Reasoning	10.47 (3.22)	11.52 (2.85)	12.28 (2.94)	2.94	0.06	DLPFC < NO LESION**

Means are presented with standard deviations in parentheses. Significant between-group differences were determined with the Tukey’s honestly significant difference test.

^*p < .05;

^**p < .01.