Table 3.
Factors associated with non-success (SBI ≥ 7) at 1 and 2 years. ORs with p <; 0.10 are initalicsin the univariate analyses
| |
1 year n = 409 |
2 years n = 376 |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |
Univariate |
Multivariate |
Univariate |
Multivariate |
||||||
| OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | p | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | p | |
|
Sociodemographic variables |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Age |
1.03 |
(1.01 − 1.04) |
1.02 |
(1.00 − 1.04) |
0.078 |
1.02 |
(1.00 − 1.04) |
1.02 |
(1.00 − 1.04) |
0.150 |
| Male sex (ref female) |
0.80 |
(0.54 − 1.19) |
1.13 |
(0.71 − 1.82) |
0.606 |
1.06 |
(0.70 − 1.60) |
1.36 |
(0.83 − 2.22) |
0.218 |
| Smoking (ref nonsmoking) |
1.57 |
(1.06 − 2.34) |
|
|
|
1.62 |
(1.07 − 2.46) |
1.69 |
(1.06 − 2.68) |
0.028 |
| Education, years (continuous) |
0.99 |
(0.92 − 1.05) |
|
|
|
0.94 |
(0.88 − 1.01) |
|
|
|
| Partly sick leave (ref working) |
1.00 |
(0.48 − 2.09) |
|
|
|
0.83 |
(0.38 − 1.82) |
|
|
|
| Complete sick leave, rehabilitation (ref working) |
1.32 |
(0.79 − 2.21) |
|
|
|
1.20 |
(0.70 − 2.07) |
|
|
|
| Disability pension (ref working) |
2.24 |
(0.94 − 5.34) |
|
|
|
1.39 |
(0.56 − 3.44) |
|
|
|
| Other (ref working) |
1.11 |
(0.54 − 2.28) |
|
|
|
0.92 |
(0.43 − 2.00) |
|
|
|
|
Back pain/sciatica history |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Previous sciatica episodes >; 0 (ref 0) |
1.47 |
(0.99 − 2.17) |
|
|
|
1.00 |
(0.67 − 1.51) |
|
|
|
| Duration back problems ≥ 1 years (ref <;1 year) |
1.97 |
(1.27 − 3.06) |
|
|
|
1.84 |
(1.16 − 2.93) |
|
|
|
| Duration current sciatica episode ≥ 3 mos. (ref <; 3 mos.) |
1.01 |
(0.68 − 1.49) |
|
|
|
1.14 |
(0.75 − 1.72) |
|
|
|
|
Self-reported health status |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Maine-Seattle Back Questionnaire (continuous) |
1.10 |
(1.02 − 1.19) |
|
|
|
1.12 |
(1.03 − 1.22) |
|
|
|
| Pain intensity* back (continuous) |
1.02 |
(1.01 − 1.02) |
1.02 |
(1.01 − 1.03) |
<;0.001 |
1.02 |
(1.01 − 1.02) |
1.02 |
(1.01 − 1.03) |
<;0.001 |
| Pain intensity* leg (continuous) |
1.01 |
(1.00 − 1.01) |
|
|
|
1.00 |
(0.99 − 1.01) |
|
|
|
| Sciatica Bothersomeness Index (continuous) |
1.09 |
(1.05 − 1.14) |
1.06 |
(1.00 − 1.12) |
0.037 |
1.07 |
(1.03 − 1.12) |
1.03 |
(0.97 − 1.09) |
0.346 |
| Subjective health complaints (continuous) |
1.12 |
(1.07 − 1.18) |
1.10 |
(1.04 − 1.16) |
0.001 |
1.09 |
(1.04 − 1.15) |
1.07 |
(1.01 − 1.13) |
0.033 |
| Kinesiophobia† (continuous) |
1.03 |
(1.00 − 1.06) |
|
|
|
1.02 |
(0.99 − 1.06) |
|
|
|
| Emotional distress‡ (continuous) |
1.93 |
(1.22 − 3.05) |
|
|
|
1.88 |
(1.15 − 3.07) |
|
|
|
|
Clinical finding |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Muscular weakness (ref no weakness) |
1.93 |
(1.30 − 2.88) |
1.70 |
(1.07 − 2.72) |
0.026 |
1.96 |
(1.29 − 2.97) |
1.94 |
(1.19 − 3.15) |
0.008 |
| Reflex reduced or absent (ref normal reflexes) |
1.09 |
(0.74 − 1.61) |
|
|
|
1.33 |
(0.88 − 2.01) |
|
|
|
| Sensory loss (ref intact sensibility) |
1.85 |
(1.24 − 2.76) |
|
|
|
1.69 |
(1.11 − 2.58) |
|
|
|
| Straight-leg-raising test <; 60° (ref >; 60°) |
1.13 |
(0.76 − 1.68) |
|
|
|
1.05 |
(0.69 − 1.58) |
|
|
|
| No surgery (ref surgery) | 2.78 | (1.76 − 4.37) | 3.81 | (2.23 − 6.50) | <;0.001 | 1.80 | (1.14 − 2.83) | 2.25 | (1.32 − 3.81) | 0.003 |
Multivariate analyses are adjusted for age, sex, and baseline SBI. The variable no surgery/surgery was added to the final model. In the multivariable analyses, significant variables, adjusted variables and the variable no surgery/surgery are presented
*Visual analogue scale; †Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia; ‡ Hopkins Symptom Check List-25