A, Treatment with FFA up-regulated sXbp-1 mRNA in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. 3T3-L1 adipocytes were treated with 50 μg/ml FFA/BSA for 4 hours. uXbp-1, unspliced forms of Xbp-1 mRNA; sXbp-1, spliced forms of Xbp-1 mRNA. B, mRNA expression levels of ER stress markers in 3T3-L1 adipocytes treated with FFA. 3T3-L1 adipocytes were treated with 50 μg/ml FFA/BSA for 4 hours. mRNA expression levels ER stress markers were significantly increased in treatment with FFA. Values are mean ± SD (n = 3). *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01 (unpaired Student's t-test). C, Pretreatment with the ROS inhibitors NAC or ebselen prevented FFA-induced up-regulation of sXbp-1 mRNA in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. 3T3-L1 adipocytes were treated with 1 mM NAC or 20 μM ebselen for 30 minutes and added to 50 μg/ml FFA/BSA for 4 hours. Pretreatment with NAC and ebselen inhibited the up-regulation of sXBP-1 induced by FFA. D and E, Effects of NAC or ebselen on mRNA expression of the ER stress markers Bip (D) and Chop (E) in 3T3L1 adipocytes. 3T3-L1 adipocytes were treated with 1 mM NAC or 20 μM ebselen for 30 minutes, and then treated with 50 μg/ml FFA/BSA for 4 hours. Pretreatment with NAC or ebselen suppressed the up-regulation of Bip and Chop induced by FFA. Values are mean ± SD (n = 3). **p < 0.01 (unpaired Student's t-test).