Table 1.
Food grouping for data analyses
| Food groups | Na | Food items in the NZAFFQ | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |
Fruit juice or cordial |
1 |
Fruit juice / drink / cordials |
| 2 |
Artificially sweetened drink |
1 |
Artificially sweetened drinks |
| 3 |
Tea or coffee |
1 |
Tea or coffee (including Ice Tea) |
| 4 |
Milky or chocolate drink |
1 |
Milky or chocolate drink |
| 5 |
Sugar-added drinks |
3 |
Regular soft drinks, Sports drink, Energy drinks |
| 6 |
Breakfast cereals |
1 |
Breakfast cereals (all kinds) |
| 7 |
Non-white bread or bun |
1 |
Brown or wholegrain bread or roll |
| 8 |
Rice, pasta or noodles |
1 |
Rice / pasta / noodles |
| 9 |
White bread or bun |
1 |
White bread or roll |
| 10 |
Cheese |
1 |
Cheese |
| 11 |
Non-standard milk |
1 |
Low-fat milk (light blue)/ Trim milk (green)/ Calci Trim milk (yellow)/ Rice milk/ Soy milk |
| 12 |
Standard milk |
1 |
Standard milk (dark blue) |
| 13 |
Yoghurt |
1 |
Yoghurt |
| 14 |
Poultry |
1 |
Chicken/ turkey/duck |
| 15 |
Eggs |
1 |
Eggs |
| 16 |
Nuts or seeds |
1 |
Nuts or seeds |
| 17 |
Meat alternatives |
1 |
Tofu /vegetarian sausages /falafel |
| 18 |
Legumes |
1 |
Baked beans/ chickpeas/ lentils/ kidney beans |
| 19 |
Red meat and processed meat |
4 |
Beef, Lamb or mutton, Pork, Processed meat (including sausage, salami and luncheon) |
| 20 |
Fish and seafood |
2 |
Fish, Other seafood (including mussels, oyster, prawns) |
| 21 |
Fruits |
13 |
Apple, Banana, Oranges or mandarins, Peaches or nectarines, Pears, Apricots, Plums, Kiwifruit, Strawberries or berries, Grapes, Melons (including watermelon, rockmelon, honeydew), Pineapple, Avocado |
| 22 |
Cruciferous vegetables |
3 |
Broccoli or cauliflower, Cabbage or coleslaw, Brussels sprouts |
| 23 |
Green leafy vegetables |
4 |
Lettuce or salad green, Mixed vegetables, Watercress or puha, Silverbeet or spinach |
| 24 |
Marrow-like vegetables |
2 |
Cucumber, Zucchini or courgette |
| 25 |
Red or yellow vegetables |
5 |
Pumpkin, Kumara, Carrots, Capsicums, Tomatoes |
| 26 |
Potatoes |
2 |
Hot chips or wedges or French fries, Potatoes (not fried) |
| 27 |
Other vegetables |
6 |
Onion or leeks, Mushrooms, Corn, Taro, Peas or green beans, Celery or asparagus. |
| 28 |
Sweet bakery products |
1 |
Sweet biscuits/ cakes/ muffins/ doughnuts/ fruit pies |
| 29 |
Sweet snack bars |
1 |
Muesli bar / fruit bar / rice bubble bar |
| 30 |
Nut spread |
1 |
Peanut butter / nut spread |
| 31 |
Ice-cream |
1 |
Ice-cream |
| 32 |
Sweets |
2 |
Lollies, Chocolate confectionery |
| 33 |
Convenience foods |
2 |
Pies or sausage rolls, Pizza |
| 34 | Savoury biscuits and crisps | 2 | Potato crisps or corn snacks, Savoury biscuits or snacks |
Abbreviation: New Zealand Adolescent Food Frequency Questionnaire (NZAFFQ).
a Number of items in the NZAFFQ. Item 'Alcoholic drink' was not included in the analysis.