Table 2.
Odds of recurrent falling by comorbidity and medications
| Comorbidities | Non- Fallers N=250 |
Single Fallers N=43 |
Recurrent Fallers N=66 |
Fall Rate (any fall) |
Odds Ratio (95% confidence interval) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted | Adjusted* | |||||
| CVD | 17 (7) | 5 (12) | 12 (18) | 50% | 3.0 (1.4, 6.8) | 3.4 (1.5, 7.8) |
| Hypertension | 95 (38) | 20 (47) | 33 (50) | 36% | 1.6 (0.95, 2.8) | 1.8 (1.0, 3.1) |
| Diabetes | 15 (6) | 5 (12) | 17 (27) | 60% | 5.6 (2.6, 12.1) | 6.2 (2.8, 13.7) |
| Stroke | 7 (3) | 2 (5) | 4 (6) | 46% | 2.2 (0.6, 7.9) | 1.9 (0.5, 7.0) |
| Lung disease | 30 (12) | 9 (20) | 10 (15) | 39% | 1.1 (0.5, 2.4) | 1.1 (0.5, 2.4) |
| Hepatitis | 59 (24) | 11(26) | 19 (28) | 34% | 1.3 (0.7, 2.4) | 1.3 (0.7, 2.4) |
| Dementia | 3 (1) | 2 (5) | 6 (9) | 73% | 10.5 (2.5, 43.7) | 10.5 (2.5, 43.7) |
| Neuropathy | 78 (31) | 19 (44) | 39 (59) | 43% | 3.3 (1.9, 5.9) | 3.3 (1.9, 5.9) |
| Arthritis | 75 (30) | 17 (40) | 38 (58) | 42% | 4.8 (2.7, 8.7) | 3.0 (1.7, 5.4) |
| Chronic Pain | 49 (20) | 12 (28) | 35 (53) | 49% | 4.8 (2.7, 8.7) | 4.8 (2.7, 8.7) |
| Psychiatric disease | 125 (50) | 30 (70) | 52 (79) | 40% | 3.6 (1.9, 6.8) | 3.6 (1.9, 6.8) |
| Medications | ||||||
| Beta-blocker | 22 (9) | 3 (7) | 17 (26) | 48% | 3.6 (1.8, 7.3) | 3.4 (1.5, 7.6)† |
| Calcium channel blocker | 13 (5) | 5 (12) | 8 (12) | 50% | 2.5 (1.0, 6.4) | 1.9 (0.7, 5.3)† |
| Diabetes therapy (any) | 13 (5) | 5 (12) | 13 (20) | 59% | 4.5 (2.0, 10.2) | 0.8 (0.1, 5.7)‡ |
| Testosterone (men) | 33 (15) | 7 (19) | 8 (16) | 31% | 1.1 (0.5, 2.6) | 1.1 (0.5, 2.6) |
| Vitamin D | 41 (16) | 8 (19) | 16 (24) | 37% | 1.4 (0.8, 2.5) | 1.5 (0.8, 3.0) |
| Bladder/prostate | 16 (6) | 3 (7) | 8 (19) | 41% | 1.6 (0.7, 3.7) | 2.0 (0.8, 5.0) |
| Antidepressant | 52 (21) | 15 (35) | 36 (55) | 50% | 4.6 (2.6, 8.1) | 3.5 (1.8, 6.9)§ |
| Benzodiazepine | 32 (13) | 10 (23) | 19 (29) | 48% | 2.5 (1.4, 4.3) | 1.9 (0.9, 3.8)§ |
| Antipsychotic | 19 (8) | 8 (19) | 16 (24) | 56% | 3.4 (1.8, 6.6) | 2.7 (1.2, 5.8)§ |
| Sedative/hypnotic | 34 (14) | 6 (14) | 25 (38) | 48% | 2.5 (1.5, 4.4) | 3.2 (1.7, 6.1)§ |
| Anticonvulsant | 13 (6) | 5 (14) | 11 (18) | 55% | 3.2 (1.5, 6.9) | 2.3 (0.9, 5.6)§ |
| Gabapentin/pregabalin | 22 (9) | 5 (12) | 14 (21) | 46% | 2.2 (1.1, 4.2) | 1.8 (0.8, 4.0)‖ |
| Opiate | 45 (18) | 10 (23) | 36 (55) | 51% | 3.3 (2.0, 5.5) | 3.4 (1.4, 8.1)‖ |
| Any didanosine | 57 (23) | 10 (23) | 24 (36) | 37% | 1.5 (0.9, 2.5) | 1.9 (1.03, 3.5)¶ |
| Any stavudine | 93 (37) | 22 (51) | 33 (50) | 37% | 1.7 (1.1, 2.7) | 1.6 (0.9, 2.9)¶ |
| Efavirenz | 86 (34) | 10 (23) | 22 (33) | 27% | 0.8 (0.5, 1.3) | 1.0 (0.5, 1.8) |
CVD, cardiovascular disease;
*
Adjusted for age, gender, CD4+ lymphocyte count; Adjusted for underlying treatment indication in addition to age, gender, CD4+ lymphocyte count:
†
hypertension;
‡
diabetes,
§
psychiatric disease,
‖
chronic pain, or
¶
neuropathy (result of therapy rather than treatment indication)