Figure 4.

Antimicrobial effect of YF₃ NPs. Growth curves of (A) Escherichia coli and (B) Staphylococcus aureus exposed to variable concentrations (0.0001 to 1 mg/mL) of YF₃ NP solutions for 24 hours at 37°C.

Notes: Untreated bacteria served as a control. Error bars represent the standard deviation of three independent experiments conducted in triplicate. The results were found to be statistically significant (P < 0.05) between control versus NP-treated cells in all treatments.

Abbreviations: NP, nanoparticle; OD₅₉₅, optical density at 595 nm; YF₃, yttrium fluoride.