Figure 9.

Antibiofilm properties of the catheter coated with YF₃ NPs against formation of biofilms by Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.

Notes: Viable counts of the biofilm cells of E. coli and S. aureus, grown in TSB and TSB-Glu, on the internal wall of a YF₃ NP-coated catheter incubated for 24 hours at 37°C. Uncoated catheters served as the negative control. Bars represent the standard deviation of three independent experiments conducted in triplicate. The results were found to be statistically significant (P < 0.05) between uncoated versus NP-coated catheters in all treatments.

Abbreviations: CFU, colony forming units; NP, nanoparticle; TSB, tryptic soy broth; TSB-Glu, tryptic soy broth supplemented with 0.2% glucose; YF₃, yttrium fluoride.