TABLE 2.
Changes in Child Adjustment on the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire at Intake and Postintervention: Families OverComing Under Stress, United States and Japan, July 2008–February 2010
| Girls (n = 216) |
Boys (n = 277), Mean (SD) |
|||||||
| Age, y | Intake, Mean (SD) | Post, Mean (SD) | Norms, Mean (SD) | Intake, Mean (SD) | Post, Mean (SD) | Norms, Mean (SD) | Time Effect (95% CI) | Gender Effect (95% CI) |
| Total difficulties | ||||||||
| 3–7a | 11.59 (5.65) | 8.25 (5.20) | 6.8 (5.1) | 13.54 (6.93) | 9.71 (5.70) | 7.9 (5.5) | 3.59*** (2.98, 4.20) | 1.62** (0.43, 2.80) |
| 8–10b | 11.00 (7.23) | 7.41 (5.52) | 6.4 (5.1) | 13.47 (6.78) | 9.98 (6.57) | 7.9 (6.4) | 3.54*** (2.51, 4.57) | 2.55* (0.22, 4.88) |
| ≥ 11c | 11.63 (6.97) | 7.59 (5.72) | 6.5 (5.5) | 14.55 (6.59) | 10.25 (6.27) | 7.1 (5.8) | 4.17*** (3.03, 5.32) | 2.75* (0.43, 5.06) |
| Prosocial behavior | ||||||||
| 3–7a | 8.13 (1.97) | 8.86 (1.55) | 8.6 (1.7) | 7.21 (2.01) | 8.28 (1.78) | 8.2 (2.0) | −0.89*** (−0.69, −1.10) | −0.68*** (−0.32, −1.04) |
| 8–10b | 8.32 (1.90) | 8.80 (1.76) | 9.0 (1.5) | 7.61 (2.15) | 8.19 (1.75) | 8.6 (1.8) | −0.52** (−0.17, −0.88) | −0.64d (0.02, −1.29) |
| ≥ 11c | 8.24 (1.90) | 9.12 (1.36) | 8.9 (1.6) | 7.55 (2.06) | 8.07 (2.02) | 8.5 (1.9) | −0.65*** (−0.30, −1.00) | −0.93** (−0.29, −1.57) |
Note. CI = confidence interval; NS = not significant. Time × gender effects were not significant and are not shown. Total difficulties decline and prosocial behavior increases.
a
Sample size is n = 295: 131 girls and 164 boys.
b
Sample size is n = 101: 44 girls and 57 boys.
c
Sample size is n = 97: 41 girls and 56 boys.
d
Not significant.
*P < .05; **P < .01; ***P < .001.