Table 1.
Descriptive Statistics for Variables for Total Sample and by Marital Status and Gender.
| Total Sample | Single Mothers | Single Fathers | Married Mothers | Married Fathers | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M | (SD) | M | (SD) | M | (SD) | M | (SD) | M | (SD) | |
| Demographic characteristics | ||||||||||
| Age | 38.81 | (8.83) | 41.24 | (8.96) | 41.24 | (10.94)*** | 38.35 | (7.92)*** | 39.59 | (9.19)*** |
| Education (1–5) | 2.83 | (1.13) | 2.61 | (0.95) | 2.61 | (1.14)** | 2.99 | (0.98)*** | 2.79 | (1.31)** |
| White | 0.72 | (0.45) | 0.64 | (0.45) | 0.64 | (0.53) | 0.78 | (0.38)*** | 0.73 | (0.49)*** |
| Black | 0.12 | (0.33) | 0.26 | (0.41) | 0.26 | (0.49)*** | 0.07 | (0.23)*** | 0.10 | (0.33)*** |
| Hispanic | 0.11 | (0.31) | 0.04 | (0.27) | 0.04 | (0.22) | 0.12 | (0.30) | 0.12 | (0.36) |
| Other race | 0.04 | (0.20) | 0.06 | (0.20) | 0.06 | (0.26) | 0.03 | (0.16)** | 0.05 | (0.24) |
| Family Demands and Resources | ||||||||||
| Youngest child < 6 | 0.42 | (0.49) | 0.25 | (0.44) | 0.25 | (0.48)*** | 0.39 | (0.45) | 0.47 | (0.55)*** |
| Youngest child 6–12 | 0.36 | (0.48) | 0.48 | (0.44) | 0.48 | (0.55)* | 0.36 | (0.44)** | 0.33 | (0.52)*** |
| Youngest child 13–17 | 0.22 | (0.42) | 0.27 | (0.37) | 0.27 | (0.49)* | 0.25 | (0.40)* | 0.20 | (0.44) |
| Number of children < 18 | 1.95 | (1.03) | 1.68 | (0.88) | 1.68 | (0.85)* | 1.89 | (0.92)* | 2.07 | (1.18)*** |
| Daily time with children (in hours) | 2.91 | (1.93) | 2.42 | (1.90) | 2.42 | (1.87)*** | 3.40 | (1.90) | 2.45 | (1.82)*** |
| Daily time for housework (in hours) | 2.41 | (2.22) | 2.14 | (1.89) | 2.14 | (1.26)*** | 2.96 | (1.78) | 1.91 | (2.66)*** |
| Primary domestic responsibilities (0–6) | 3.27 | (2.31) | 4.71 | (1.34) | 4.71 | (1.93)*** | 4.96 | (1.25)*** | 1.32 | (1.48)*** |
| Support from family & friends (1–4) | 3.29 | (0.74) | 3.13 | (0.81) | 3.13 | (0.87) | 3.37 | (0.65)*** | 3.30 | (0.78)*** |
| Job Demands and Resources | ||||||||||
| Weekly work hours | 45.22 | (13.40) | 50.07 | (10.48) | 50.07 | (13.59)*** | 39.49 | (12.20)*** | 49.88 | (13.33)*** |
| Taking work home (1–5) | 2.28 | (1.50) | 1.94 | (1.26) | 1.94 | (1.49) | 2.39 | (1.39)*** | 2.33 | (1.68)*** |
| Number of overnight travel | 1.38 | (3.21) | 1.13 | (1.77) | 1.13 | (3.30)*** | 0.68 | (1.86) | 2.12 | (4.37)*** |
| Job pressure (1–4) | 2.95 | (0.72) | 3.11 | (0.72) | 3.11 | (0.66)*** | 2.92 | (0.67)*** | 3.00 | (0.75)*** |
| Job autonomy (1–4) | 3.07 | (0.78) | 3.04 | (0.75) | 3.04 | (0.93)* | 3.04 | (0.70)*** | 3.14 | (0.84)*** |
| Job creativity (1–4) | 3.47 | (0.59) | 3.41 | (0.60) | 3.41 | (0.61) | 3.46 | (0.54)*** | 3.51 | (0.62)*** |
| Annual earnings (in thousands) | 39.93 | (30.45) | 40.99 | (15.37) | 40.99 | (23.86)*** | 27.86 | (17.85)*** | 52.98 | (38.47)*** |
| Family-friendly culture (1–4) | 2.97 | (0.72) | 2.77 | (0.68) | 2.77 | (0.83)** | 3.07 | (0.65)*** | 2.93 | (0.78) |
| Home-to-Job conflict (1–5) | 2.18 | (0.74) | 2.23 | (0.72) | 2.23 | (0.89)** | 2.14 | (0.66)*** | 2.15 | (0.80)*** |
| N | 1,430 | 238 | 62 | 578 | 552 | |||||
Note. Differences between single mothers and each group of parents are significant at:
*
p < .05.
**
p < .01.
***
p < .001.