Table 2.
Number (%) of lung cancer cases according to extent of immunostaining for selected markers in tumor and adjacent uninvolved tissue, by trial intervention group
| Placebo |
β-Carotene |
p-value* | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Negative staining |
Positive staining | Negative staining |
Positive staining | |||||||||
| Marker | Total cases |
≤5% | 6–20% | 21–50% | >50% | Any positive |
≤5% | 6–20% | 21–50% | >50% | Any positive |
|
| AP-1 | ||||||||||||
| Tumor | 80 | 28 (100) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 49 (94) | 0 | 3 (6) | 0 | 3 (6) | 0.97 |
| Normal, bronchioles | 25 | 10 (100) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 15 (100) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.47 |
| Normal, pneumocytes | 37 | 15 (100) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 22 (100) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.99 |
| Cyclin D1 | ||||||||||||
| Tumor | 80 | 7 (25) | 9 (32) | 10 (36) | 2 (7) | 21 (75) | 20 (38) | 11 (21) | 18 (35) | 3 (6) | 32 (62) | 0.48 |
| Normal, bronchioles | 24 | 11 (100) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 (77) | 2 (15) | 1 (8) | 0 | 3 (23) | 0.04 |
| Normal, pneumocytes | 30 | 13 (100) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 13 (76) | 4 (24) | 0 | 0 | 4 (24) | 0.15 |
| CYP1A1 | ||||||||||||
| Tumor | 79 | 7 (25) | 2 (7) | 8 (29) | 11 (39) | 21 (75) | 12 (24) | 3 (6) | 19 (37) | 17 (33) | 39 (76) | 0.99 |
| Normal, bronchioles | 20 | 7 (70) | 0 | 0 | 3 (30) | 3 (30) | 8 (80) | 0 | 0 | 2 (20) | 2 (20) | 0.99 |
| Normal, pneumocytes | 41 | 11 (69) | 0 | 3 (19) | 2 (13) | 5 (31) | 20 (80) | 1 (4) | 2 (8) | 2 (8) | 5 (20) | 0.41 |
| CYP1A2 | ||||||||||||
| Tumor | 79 | 0 | 2 (7) | 7 (25) | 19 (68) | 28 (100) | 7 (14) | 4 (8) | 11 (22) | 29 (57) | 44 (86) | 0.19 |
| Normal, bronchioles | 20 | 2 (29) | 0 | 2 (29) | 3 (43) | 5 (71) | 3 (23) | 0 | 0 | 10 (77) | 10 (77) | 0.27 |
| Normal, pneumocytes | 38 | 2 (14) | 0 | 9 (64) | 3 (21) | 12 (86) | 5 (21) | 0 | 16 (67) | 3 (13) | 19 (79) | 0.52 |
| CYP2E1 | ||||||||||||
| Tumor | 80 | 1 (4) | 1 (4) | 4 (14) | 22 (79) | 27 (96) | 10 (19) | 3 (6) | 11 (21) | 28 (54) | 42 (81) | 0.07 |
| Normal, bronchioles | 32 | 3 (23) | 0 | 0 | 10 (77) | 10 (77) | 2 (11) | 0 | 0 | 17 (89) | 17 (89) | 0.67 |
| Normal, pneumocytes | 51 | 3 (16) | 0 | 0 | 16 (84) | 16 (84) | 2 (6) | 0 | 0 | 30 (94) | 30 (94) | 0.89 |
| Ki67 | ||||||||||||
| Tumor | 79 | 8 (29) | 9 (32) | 8 (29) | 3 (11) | 20 (71) | 6 (12) | 18 (35) | 23 (45) | 4 (8) | 45 (88) | 0.13 |
| Normal, bronchioles | 32 | 13 (93) | 1 (7) | 0 | 0 | 1 (7) | 17 (94) | 1 (6) | 0 | 0 | 1 (6) | 0.76 |
| Normal, pneumocytes | 47 | 17 (100) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 30 (100) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.38 |
| RAR-β | ||||||||||||
| Tumor | 79 | 14 (50) | 0 | 5 (18) | 9 (32) | 14 (50) | 22 (43) | 5 (10) | 9 (18) | 15 (29) | 29 (57) | 0.86 |
| Normal, bronchioles | 25 | 8 (73) | 0 | 0 | 3 (27) | 3 (27) | 12 (86) | 0 | 0 | 2 (14) | 2 (14) | 0.46 |
| Normal, pneumocytes | 42 | 18 (100) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 23 (96) | 1 (4) | 0 | 0 | 1 (4) | 0.42 |
*
From the Wilcoxon rank sum test for differences in the extent of marker staining (continuous values) between intervention groups.