Table 1.
Published outbreaks among neonates related to parenteral nutrition.
| Author | Ref. | Pathogens | n | Deaths | Confirmation 1 | PN-preparation | Most likely way of contamination |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maltezou | [62] | Serratia marcescens | 57 | 9 | Epidemiology | On ward | Preparation |
| Arslan | [55] | Serratia marcescens | 7 | 0 | Culture/PFGE | On ward | Preparation |
| Bou | [56] | Leuconostoc mesenteroides | 11 (42) | 3 of 42 | Epidemiology | Hospital pharmacy | Preparation |
| Culture/PFGE | |||||||
| Campos | [57] | Enterobacter hormaechei | 19 | ND | Culture/PFGE | Manufacturer | Preparation |
| De Vegas | [58] | Acinetobacter RUH 1139 | 24 | ND | Culture/PFGE | Hospital pharmacy | Handling on ward |
| Perniola | [52] | Rhodotorula mucilaginosa | 4 | 0 | Epidemiology | Not specified | Not specified |
| Habsah | [61] | Pantoea spp. | 8 | 7 | Culture/AB | Hospital pharmacy | Preparation |
| Doit | [60] | Burkholderia cepacia | 8 | ND | Culture/Ribotype | manufacturer | Contaminated rubber stoppers |
| Aragao | [51] | Pichia anomala | 4 | 0 | Epidemiology | Hospital pharmacy | Handling on ward |
| Tresoldi | [59] | Enterobacter cloacae | 11 | 7 | Culture/PFGE | Hospital pharmacy | Preparation |
| Archibald | [63] | Enterobacter cloacae & Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 6 | 2 | Epidemiology | On ward | Preparation |
ND: not determined; 1 Confirmation of the pathogen is done either by PFGE (pulsed-field gel-electrophoresis [PFGE]; ribotyping, identical antibiotic susceptibility testing [AB]), or by an epidemiological association.