Table 4.
Changes in serum free amino acid concentrations. All values are expressed as mean ± SE. EAA, essential amino acid. NEAA, non essential amino acid. BCAA, branched chain amino acid. AAA, aromatic amino acid. ANOVA, a repeated two-way analysis of variance. T × G, time × group interaction effect.
| Group | Baseline | After 8 weeks | ANOVA | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Time | T × G | Group | ||||||
| EAA | Valine (nmoles/mL) | Prot (1) | 201 ± 7 | 223 ± 7 | 0.004 | 0.976 | 0.914 | |
| Carb (2) | 198 ± 8 | 222 ± 10 | ||||||
| Leucine (nmoles/mL) | Prot | 113 ± 4 | 129 ± 4 | 0.004 | 0.893 | 0.903 | ||
| Carb | 115 ± 6 | 130 ± 8 | ||||||
| Isoleucine (nmoles/mL) | Prot | 60.4 ± 2.2 | 72.0 ± 2.8 | 0.002 | 0.516 | 0.874 | ||
| Carb | 62.9 ± 3.0 | 71.6 ± 4.6 | ||||||
| Threonine (nmoles/mL) | Prot | 120 ± 9 | 128 ± 6 | 0.305 | 0.411 | 0.948 | ||
| Carb | 122 ± 5 | 122 ± 5 | ||||||
| Methionine (nmoles/mL) | Prot | 33.2 ± 1.8 | 37.1 ± 1.3 | 0.357 | 0.220 | 0.472 | ||
| Carb | 33.3 ± 1.3 | 33.9 ± 1.0 | ||||||
| Phenylalanine (nmoles/mL) | Prot | 63.5 ± 2.0 | 70.2 ± 2.1 | 0.123 | 0.134 | 0.303 | ||
| Carb | 63.6 ± 2.3 | 64.6 ± 2.1 | ||||||
| Lysine (nmoles/mL) | Prot | 152 ± 6 | 171 ± 7 | 0.010 | 0.339 | 0.922 | ||
| Carb | 155 ± 9 | 167 ± 7 | ||||||
| Tryptophan (nmoles/mL) | Prot | 61.3 ± 2.5 | 63.8 ± 2.7 | 0.385 | 0.911 | 0.029 | ||
| Carb | 56.3 ± 2.3 | 58.2 ± 2.1 | ||||||
| Histidine (nmoles/mL) | Prot | 80.5 ± 2.0 | 84.3 ± 3.1 | 0.198 | 0.683 | 0.630 | ||
| Carb | 77.9 ± 2.9 | 81.5 ± 3.0 | ||||||
| NEAA | Glycine (nmoles/mL) | Prot | 236 ± 15 | 251 ± 12 | 0.235 | 0.421 | 0.841 | |
| Carb | 235 ± 10 | 237 ± 11 | ||||||
| Alanine (nmoles/mL) | Prot | 342 ± 26 | 392 ± 15 | 0.028 | 0.164 | 0.142 | ||
| Carb | 387 ± 18 | 404 ± 16 | ||||||
| Serine (nmoles/mL) | Prot | 114 ± 4 | 118 ± 4 | 0.419 | 0.055 | 0.398 | ||
| Carb | 126 ± 6 | 116 ± 6 | ||||||
| Cysteine (nmoles/mL) | Prot | 17.4 ± 0.9 | 18.4 ± 0.6 | 0.903 | 0.070 | 0.453 | ||
| Carb | 18.6 ± 1.1 | 18.1 ± 1.0 | ||||||
| Asparagine (nmoles/mL) | Prot | 44.7 ± 1.2 | 51.5 ± 1.4 | 0.003 | 0.054 | 0.849 | ||
| Carb | 47.2 ± 2.3 | 49.3 ± 2.0 | ||||||
| Glutamic acid (nmoles/mL) | Prot | 20.1 ± 1.1 | 26.9 ± 2.3 | <0.001 | 0.909 | 0.786 | ||
| Carb | 21.3 ± 1.2 | 26.8 ± 2.9 | ||||||
| Glutamine (nmoles/mL) | Prot | 543 ± 25 | 573 ± 15 | 0.521 | 0.073 | 0.884 | ||
| Carb | 561 ± 14 | 549 ± 19 | ||||||
| Arginine (nmoles/mL) | Prot | 88.0 ± 4.1 | 101.5 ± 4.9 | 0.098 | 0.084 | 0.489 | ||
| Carb | 98.5 ± 4.1 | 98.2 ± 5.0 | ||||||
| Tyrosine (nmoles/mL) | Prot | 62.2 ± 2.6 | 73.0 ± 3.1 | 0.004 | 0.063 | 0.487 | ||
| Carb | 64.3 ± 1.9 | 66.8 ± 2.4 | ||||||
| Proline (nmoles/mL) | Prot | 132 ± 11 | 153 ± 12 | 0.002 | 0.832 | 0.991 | ||
| Carb | 135 ± 14 | 160 ± 18 | ||||||
| Total AA (nmoles/mL) | Prot | 2638 ± 86 | 2905 ± 70 | 0.009 | 0.228 | 0.895 | ||
| Carb | 2731 ± 86 | 2835 ± 70 | ||||||
| Total EAA (nmoles/mL) | Prot | 827 ± 28 | 924 ± 28 | 0.004 | 0.593 | 0.627 | ||
| Carb | 826 ± 28 | 895 ± 28 | ||||||
| BCAA (nmoles/mL) | Prot | 375 ± 15 | 424 ± 17 | 0.002 | 0.955 | 0.876 | ||
| Carb | 376 ± 15 | 428 ± 17 | ||||||
| Trp/BCAA ratio (%) | Prot | 16.5 ± 0.7 | 15.2 ± 0.7 | 0.014 | 0.940 | 0.074 | ||
| Carb | 15.1 ± 0.6 | 13.8 ± 0.5 | ||||||
| AAA (nmoles/mL) | Prot | 185 ± 13 | 207 ± 6 | 0.041 | 0.121 | 0.100 | ||
| Carb | 127 ± 5 | 136 ± 5 | ||||||
(1) An egg white protein supplement group; (2) a maltodextrin supplement group.