Table 1.
Host Genetic Factors That Are Positively or Negatively Associated with HIV-1 Viral Load (VL) Set-Point or Assumed Set-point, as Reported in Recent Studies.a
| Gene or gene clusterb | Allele or haplotypec | Ethnicityd | Impact on VL | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Classical HLA class I genes: HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C | A*32 | AA | Favorable | [35] |
| A*36 | African | Unfavorable | [34, 35] | |
| A*74 | AA, African | Favorable | [33,34,35,39] | |
| B*13 | African | Favorable | [34] | |
| B*14 | AA | Favorable | [35] | |
| B*18 | African | Unfavorable | [33] | |
| B*27 | Caucasian | Favorable | [32] | |
| B*35 | Caucasian | Unfavorable | [32,35] | |
| B*44 | African | Favorable | [36] | |
| B*45 | AA, African | Unfavorable | [34,35] | |
| B*53 | AA | Unfavorable | [35] | |
| B*57 | AA, African, Caucasian | Favorable | [32,33,34,35,36,39,43] | |
| B*58:01 | African | Favorable | [33,43] | |
| B*58:02 | African | Unfavorable | [33,34] | |
| B*81 | African | Favorable | [34] | |
| C*08 | African | Favorable | [35] | |
| C*18 | African | Favorable | [34,35] | |
| A*30+C*03 | African | Favorable | [34] | |
| C*04:01-B*81:01 | African | Favorable | [33] | |
| C*12-B*39 | African | Favorable | [33,35] | |
| Homozygosity | AA and African | Unfavorable | [33,35] | |
| HLA-DRB1 | DRB1*01:02 | African | Unfavorable | [34] |
| DRB1*13:03 | African | Favorable | [41] | |
| Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) genes | KIR3DS1 copy no. | Caucasian | Favorable if ≥1 copy | [44] |
| KIR3DL1 copy no. | Caucasian | Favorable if ≥1 copy | [44] | |
| CCR5 | Δ32 heterozygosity | Caucasian | Favorable | [45] |
| CCR2-CCR5 | HHD/HHE | African | Unfavorable | [46] |
| HHF*2 homozygosity | African | Favorable | [46] | |
| CCL3 | rs5029410 allele C | African | Favorable | [47] |
| DC-SIGNR (CD209L) | 7 or 9 repeats of a 69-bp coding sequence | Asian (Chinese) | Unfavorable | [48] |
| Miscellaneous loci (sporadic SNPs) | rs2395029, allele C | Caucasian | Favorable | [45,49] |
| rs9264942, allele G | Caucasian | Favorable | [45,49] |
a Four studies [50,51,52,53] with mostly negative results (not reaching statistical significance) are cited briefly in the text.
b Organized by group and sorted by degree of popularity, i.e.; the number of studies meeting criteria (see Figure 1).
c Variants in bold have shown consistency between studies conducted by different investigators. Certain amino acid residues may account for HLA-B allelic effects (e.g.; B*57 and B*81) [42,54], as discussed in the text.
d AA=African American.