Figure 3.
The effect of factors other than gene flow on evolution. (a) Differentiation (FST) of the 11 outliers that were specific to different-host pairs and that arose in at least three pairs of populations using different hosts (DHS outliers). Significant overall effects of divergence in host use on FST were observed across the 28 population pairs examined (both p < 0.05, partial Mantel tests controlling for median FST on raw and log-transformed data, respectively). Numbers above bars denote numbers of population pairs. (b) Recapture probability, a proxy for survival, in the same general area was lower when individuals were transplanted from a distant versus a near source population. (c) Variation in allele frequencies as a function of environmental and spatial axes. Data are shown for an outlier locus (SNP 47457; electronic supplementary material, table S6 for statistics and results from other loci). Partial plots are shown from a multiple regression analysis that included climatic PC1 (indicative of temperature and precipitation), climatic PC2 (indicative of climatic variability), and longitude. Values on x-axis are standardized z-scores and on the y-axis are standardized residuals from the regression.