Growth rates and yields of F. novicida with high and low cdGMP levels. (A and B) F. novicida growth curves. F. novicida strains U112 (WT), KKF457 [ΔFTN(0451–0456)], KKF535 (cdgB), KKF538 (cdgA), and KKF539 (cdgA cdgB), carrying plasmid pKEK1524 (+ cdgB) or pKEK1525 (+ VCA0956), were grown at 37°C in CDM.