Fig 9.

Effect of C. jejuni outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) in the Galleria mellonella infection model. G. mellonella larvae were injected with a 10-μl inoculum of either C. jejuni wild-type strain 11168H (10⁶ CFU) or 11168H OMVs (5 μg or 0.5 μg) or heat-treated 11168H OMVs (5 μg or 0.5 μg) by microinjection in the right foremost leg. Larvae were incubated at 37°C, with survival and appearance recorded after 24 h. PBS and no-injection controls were used. For each experiment, 10 G. mellonella larvae were infected, and experiments were repeated in triplicate. *, P < 0.05; ***, P < 0.001.