Table 2.

Comparison of LV functional parameters at baseline and at peak isometric handgrip testing

	Baseline	Peak-IHGT	P value
Systolic function
LV ejection fraction (%)	59.9 ± 3.1	54.3 ± 4.2	<0.001
LV peak lateral Sm (cm s−1)	7.4 ± 1.6	6.1 ± 1.2	<0.001
Longitudinal strain (%)	−20.6 ± 2.9	−18.2 ± 3.2	0.005
Longitudinal strain rate (% s−1)	−1.31 ± 0.2	−1.17 ± 0.2	0.01
Diastolic function
Transmitral E-wave (cm s−1)	80.6 ± 15.3	70.0 ± 15.4	<0.001
Transmitral A-wave (cm s−1)	39.9 ± 8.0	55.2 ± 10.0	<0.001
E/A ratio	2.1 ± 0.6	1.3 ± 0.3	<0.001
Em basal septum (cm s−1)	−9.7 ± 1.1	−7.7 ± 1.4	<0.001
Am basal septum (cm s−1)	−5.2 ± 1.0	−6.7 ± 1.2	0.001
Em basal lateral LV (cm s−1)	−12.0 ± 1.7	−8.7 ± 1.8	<0.001
Am basal lateral LV (cm s−1)	−3.6 ± 1.3	−4.5 ± 1.6	0.03

A_m: late diastolic peak tissue velocity; E_m: early diastolic peak tissue velocity; IHGT: isometric handgrip testing; S_m: systolic peak tissue velocity.