Table 1.

Pharmacological inhibitors, their abbreviations, and their specificities

Reagent	Tag	Endocytosis pathway blocked	Specificity	Reference(s)
PAK-1 inhibitor peptide	PAK-18	Macropinocytosis	Autoinhibitory domain of PAK-1	88, 124, 125
Inactive control peptide (PAK18-R192A)	PAK-NC	Control for PAK-18	Inactive peptide that controls for nonspecific effects
RacGEF inhibitor (NSC23766)	RAC-I	Macropinocytosis	Inhibits Rac-1 GDP/GTP exchange	26, 85, 90
p21-activated kinase inhibitor III	IPA-3	Macropinocytosis	Prevents PAK-1 activation (irreversible)	26, 66, 90
5-(N-Ethyl-N-isopropyl)amiloride	EIPA	Macropinocytosis	Inhibits Na+/H+ exchange	38, 53, 88
Cell-permeant 17β-hydroxy analog of wortmannin	HWT	Macropinocytosis	Irreversible PI3K inhibitor	64, 66
LY294002		Macropinocytosis	Reversible PI3K inhibitor	44, 71, 90
Cytochalasin D	CD	Macropinocytosis	Actin-depolymerizing agent	40, 64, 94
Latrunculin A	LA	Macropinocytosis and clathrin	Sequesters actin monomers	31, 40, 64, 120
Jasplakinolide	JP	Macropinocytosis and caveolin	Stabilizes actin polymers	31, 64, 94
Ammonium chloride	NH4Cl	All pH dependent	Blocks acidification of endosomes	74
Bafilomycin A1	BAF	All pH dependent	Inhibits vacuolar H+-ATPase (irreversible)	123
Chlorpromazine	CPZ	Clathrin	Prevents clathrin-coated pit assembly at the cell surface	11, 49, 72, 107
Dynasore	DYN	Caveolin and clathrin	Blocks dynamin II	40–42, 46, 51
Okadaic acid	OA pre	Caveolin and clathrin	Removes cell surface caveolae and blocks CME	5, 13, 59, 76, 77, 126
Okadaic acid; cells treated for 1 h, postinfection	OA post	Enhances caveolin	Promotes CavME of bound cargo	5, 76, 77, 126
Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate	PMA	Caveolin	Decreases the level of caveolae at the cell surface	2, 14, 102
Nystatin + progesterone	Nys+Prog	Caveolin	Sequesters and blocks cholesterol	2, 17, 21, 114