TABLE 1.
Independent association of beverage intakes with sociodemographic and lifestyle characteristics among American adults: NHANES 2003–20081
| Men |
Women |
|||||
| Sociodemographic/lifestyle characteristic | 24-h Beverage energy | 24-h Beverage amount | 24-h Percentage of energy from beverages | 24-h Beverage energy | 24-h Beverage amount | 24-h Percentage of energy from beverages |
| kcal | g | % | kcal | g | % | |
| All (unadjusted)2 | 551 ± 9 | 1905 ± 34 | 20.8 ± 0.25 | 322 ± 6 | 1294 ± 21 | 18.0 ± 0.36 |
| All (adjusted)3 | 555 ± 9 | 1908 ± 35 | 20.8 ± 0.26 | 322 ± 7 | 1303 ± 22 | 17.9 ± 0.37 |
| Race-ethnicity | ||||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 573 ± 11 | 2056 ± 40 | 20.9 ± 0.31 | 322 ± 8 | 1380 ± 23 | 17.7 ± 0.46 |
| Non-Hispanic black | 532 ± 15 | 1437 ± 37 | 21.3 ± 0.50 | 347 ± 14 | 1000 ± 32 | 19.5 ± 0.67 |
| Mexican American | 556 ± 15 | 1702 ± 41 | 21.7 ± 0.60 | 321 ± 17 | 1157 ± 47 | 18.3 ± 0.68 |
| All others | 427 ± 38 | 1462 ± 83 | 18.0 ± 1.0 | 292 ± 16 | 1177 ± 54 | 16.8 ± 0.77 |
| P value (Wald F) | 0.0008 | <0.0001 | 0.02 | 0.1 | <0.0001 | 0.02 |
| Age group | ||||||
| 20–39 y | 658 ± 17 | 2036 ± 52 | 22.8 ± 0.45 | 375 ± 12 | 1292 ± 31 | 19.6 ± 0.64 |
| 40–59 y | 552 ± 15 | 2038 ± 51 | 20.6 ± 0.48 | 331 ± 10 | 1420 ± 32 | 18.3 ± 0.51 |
| ≥60 y | 366 ± 16 | 1437 ± 43 | 17.3 ± 0.50 | 237 ± 8 | 1138 ± 29 | 14.9 ± 0.48 |
| P value (Wald F) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Years of education | ||||||
| <12 y | 582 ± 20 | 1925 ± 80 | 22.3 ± 0.48 | 328 ± 17 | 1309 ± 53 | 18.8 ± 0.83 |
| 12 y | 578 ± 19 | 1976 ± 61 | 20.8 ± 0.59 | 334 ± 15 | 1290 ± 34 | 18.6 ± 0.80 |
| Some college | 582 ± 19 | 1957 ± 45 | 21.7 ± 0.49 | 326 ± 11 | 1298 ± 32 | 17.9 ± 0.49 |
| ≥College | 485 ± 14 | 1774 ± 43 | 18.6 ± 0.50 | 301 ± 9 | 1320 ± 31 | 16.6 ± 0.39 |
| P value (Wald F) | <0.0001 | 0.004 | <0.0001 | 0.2 | 0.8 | 0.02 |
| Family poverty income ratio | ||||||
| <130% | 582 ± 20 | 1903 ± 53 | 21.0 ± 0.49 | 355 ± 14 | 1311 ± 34 | 20.5 ± 0.67 |
| 130–349% | 542 ± 13 | 1826 ± 44 | 21.0 ± 0.36 | 327 ± 9 | 1295 ± 31 | 18.0 ± 0.48 |
| ≥350% | 554 ± 12 | 1972 ± 49 | 20.5 ± 0.40 | 301 ± 10 | 1306 ± 28 | 16.5 ± 0.49 |
| P value (Wald F) | 0.2 | 0.02 | 0.6 | 0.01 | 0.9 | 0.0001 |
| Day of recalled intake | ||||||
| Monday–Thursday | 523 ± 11 | 1827 ± 41 | 20.3 ± 0.33 | 315 ± 10 | 1281 ± 28 | 17.8 ± 0.49 |
| Friday–Sunday | 594 ± 11 | 2011 ± 38 | 21.3 ± 0.29 | 332 ± 8 | 1334 ± 25 | 18.1 ± 0.37 |
| P value (Wald F) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.006 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.5 |
| Month of examination | ||||||
| November–April | 544 ± 12 | 1860 ± 38 | 20.5 ± 0.41 | 323 ± 11 | 1295 ± 35 | 17.9 ± 0.59 |
| May–October | 562 ± 12 | 1941 ± 45 | 21.0 ± 0.34 | 322 ± 8 | 1308 ± 25 | 17.9 ± 0.43 |
| P value (Wald F) | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.9 | 0.7 | 0.9 |
| BMI | ||||||
| <25 kg/m2 | 580 ± 16 | 1806 ± 38 | 21.2 ± 0.54 | 343 ± 10 | 1275 ± 28 | 19.1 ± 0.59 |
| 25–29.9 kg/m2 | 571 ± 13 | 1971 ± 46 | 21.6 ± 0.39 | 310 ± 10 | 1299 ± 30 | 17.8 ± 0.52 |
| ≥30 kg/m2 | 512 ± 17 | 1918 ± 49 | 19.4 ± 0.48 | 309 ± 10 | 1338 ± 33 | 16.7 ± 0.52 |
| P value (Wald F) | 0.007 | 0.003 | 0.001 | 0.02 | 0.3 | 0.01 |
| Any recreational physical activity4 | ||||||
| Yes | 555 ± 10 | 1883 ± 38 | 20.6 ± 0.28 | 314 ± 7 | 1302 ± 26 | 17.5 ± 0.38 |
| No | 554 ± 15 | 1961 ± 45 | 21.2 ± 0.44 | 337 ± 10 | 1305 ± 27 | 18.5 ± 0.59 |
| P value (Wald F) | 0.9 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.04 | 0.9 | 0.1 |
| Smoking status | ||||||
| Never | 486 ± 10 | 1670 ± 35 | 19.0 ± 0.38 | 289 ± 7 | 1129 ± 24 | 16.3 ± 0.36 |
| Former | 531 ± 16 | 1832 ± 42 | 19.6 ± 0.52 | 318 ± 13 | 1331 ± 38 | 17.1 ± 0.70 |
| Current | 684 ± 23 | 2354 ± 67 | 24.7 ± 0.65 | 414 ± 14 | 1726 ± 38 | 22.8 ± 0.67 |
| P value (Wald F) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Any chronic disease5 | ||||||
| Yes | 541 ± 15 | 1959 ± 51 | 20.6 ± 0.49 | 301 ± 8 | 1257 ± 35 | 17.5 ± 0.61 |
| No | 561 ± 10 | 1882 ± 36 | 20.9 ± 0.35 | 335 ± 9 | 1329 ± 28 | 18.1 ± 0.45 |
| P value (Wald F) | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.6 | 0.006 | 0.1 | 0.3 |
| Survey cycle | ||||||
| 2003–2004 | 582 ± 16 | 1948 ± 66 | 21.7 ± 0.45 | 337 ± 10 | 1311 ± 33 | 18.4 ± 0.51 |
| 2005–2006 | 568 ± 14 | 1980 ± 54 | 20.8 ± 0.36 | 312 ± 14 | 1322 ± 31 | 17.7 ± 0.84 |
| 2007–2008 | 514 ± 15 | 1795 ± 43 | 19.8 ± 0.43 | 319 ± 9 | 1278 ± 33 | 17.6 ± 0.40 |
| P value (Wald F) | 0.003 | 0.006 | 0.006 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
All values are means ± SEs.
= 6959 men and 6745 women.
= 6357 men and 6081 women. Estimates are adjusted values obtained from multiple linear regression models. Separate models were run for men and women and for each beverage outcome variable. All variables in the table were included as covariates in these models, and the estimates reflect the independent association of each demographic variable with each beverage variable after adjustment for all other variables in the model. Respondents with missing information on a covariate (602 men and 664 women) were excluded from these models.
Any recreational activity lasting ≥10 min in the past 30 d (2003–2006) or without a specified period (2007–2008).
Any self-reported diabetes, high blood pressure, heart disease, or stroke.