TABLE 3.
Adjusted self-reported dietary and meal attributes by age- and sex-specific tertiles of 24-h energy from all beverages in women: NHANES 2003–20081
| Sex- and age-specific tertiles of 24-h energy from beverages 2 |
||||
| Dietary or meal attribute | 1 | 2 | 3 | P-trend (Wald F)3 |
| Energy intake | ||||
| 24-h Energy intake (kcal) | 1468 ± 19 | 1707 ± 23 | 2193 ± 22 | <0.0001 |
| 24-h Energy from beverages (kcal) | 75 ± 2 | 260 ± 2 | 635 ± 10 | <0.0001 |
| 24-h Energy from nonbeverage foods (kcal) | 1393 ± 18 | 1446 ± 22 | 1558 ± 22 | <0.0001 |
| 24-h Energy from nutritive beverages (kcal) | 21 ± 2 | 89 ± 3 | 192 ± 6 | <0.0001 |
| 24-h Energy from beverages (%) | 6.1 ± 0.2 | 17.3 ± 0.3 | 30.4 ± 0.5 | <0.0001 |
| 24-h Energy from nonbeverage foods (%) | 94 ± 0.2 | 83 ± 0.3 | 70 ± 0.5 | <0.0001 |
| Amount and number of foods in the 24-h recall | ||||
| Amount of beverage (g) | 942 ± 36 | 1176 ± 22 | 1797 ± 29 | <0.0001 |
| No. of unique beverage foods | 2.46 ± 0.05 | 3.45 ± 0.05 | 4.08 ± 0.06 | <0.0001 |
| Amount of nonbeverage foods (g) | 819 ± 13 | 801 ± 12 | 819 ± 14 | 0.9 |
| No. of unique nonbeverage foods | 10.5 ± 0.2 | 10.6 ± 0.1 | 10.6 ± 0.1 | 0.8 |
| Eating frequency and meal and snack behaviors reported in the 24-h recall | ||||
| No. of ingestive episodes | 4.74 ± 0.05 | 4.85 ± 0.05 | 5.23 ± 0.05 | <0.0001 |
| No. of snack episodes | 2.05 ± 0.05 | 2.12 ± 0.04 | 2.48 ± 0.04 | <0.0001 |
| No. of beverage-only ingestive episodes | 0.68 ± 0.03 | 0.86 ± 0.03 | 1.29 ± 0.03 | <0.0001 |
| Subjects reporting an episode with only beverage, no foods (%) | 46 ± 1 | 57 ± 1 | 71 ± 2 | <0.0001 |
| Energy consumed at beverage-only ingestive episodes (kcal) | 25 ± 2 | 72 ± 3 | 249 ± 10 | <0.001 |
| Length of ingestion period (h) | 11.7 ± 0.1 | 12.0 ± 0.1 | 12.7 ± 0.1 | <0.0001 |
| Subjects reporting breakfast (%) | 83 ± 1 | 86 ± 1 | 85 ± 1 | 0.1 |
| Food-only energy with main meals (kcal) | 1114 ± 18 | 1176 ± 18 | 1262 ± 21 | <0.0001 |
| Beverage-only energy with main meals (kcal) | 49 ± 2 | 181 ± 3 | 367 ± 7 | <0.0001 |
| 24-h Energy from main meals (%) | 79.7 ± 0.5 | 79.5 ± 0.5 | 74.5 ± 0.6 | <0.0001 |
| 24-h Beverage energy with main meals (%)4 | 72.8 ± 1.3 | 70.6 ± 1.0 | 62.0 ± 0.8 | <0.0001 |
| Nonbeverage energy from snacks (kcal) | 279 ± 8 | 270 ± 10 | 296 ± 13 | 0.3 |
| Beverage-only energy from snacks (kcal) | 26 ± 2 | 80 ± 3 | 267 ± 9 | <0.0001 |
| Energy density of foods and beverages reported in the 24-h recall (kcal/g) | ||||
| Energy density of all nonbeverage foods (kcal/g)5 | 1.83 ± 0.02 | 1.91 ± 0.02 | 2.03 ± 0.02 | <0.0001 |
| Energy density of all beverages (kcal/g)6 | 0.13 ± 0.01 | 0.27 ± 0.01 | 0.39 ± 0.01 | <0.0001 |
| 24-h Nutrient and alcohol intake | ||||
| Total fat (g) | 60 ± 1 | 67 ± 1 | 79 ± 1 | <0.0001 |
| Total fat adjusted for food energy (g) | 64 ± 0.7 | 68 ± 1 | 74 ± 0.9 | <0.0001 |
| Saturated fat (g) | 19 ± 0.5 | 22 ± 0.4 | 27 ± 0.5 | <0.0001 |
| Saturated fat adjusted for food energy (g) | 21 ± 0.3 | 22 ± 0.3 | 25 ± 0.4 | <0.0001 |
| Total sugars (g) | 65 ± 1 | 95 ± 1 | 148 ± 2 | <0.0001 |
| Total sugars adjusted for food energy (g) | 68 ± 1 | 95 ± 1 | 144 ± 2 | <0.0001 |
| Fiber (g) | 13.5 ± 0.27 | 13.7 ± 0.38 | 14.6 ± 0.33 | 0.001 |
| Fiber adjusted for food energy (g) | 14.0 ± 0.3 | 13.9 ± 0.3 | 14.0 ± 0.3 | 0.8 |
| Sodium (mg) | 2679 ± 38 | 2876 ± 44 | 3170 ± 46 | <0.0001 |
| Sodium adjusted for food energy (mg) | 2800 ± 32 | 2908 ± 31 | 3016 ± 34 | <0.0001 |
| Alcohol (g) | 0.52 ± 0.11 | 3.82 ± 0.33 | 14.61 ± 0.94 | <0.0001 |
| Plain water (g) | 1203 ± 38 | 1030 ± 45 | 939 ± 48 | <0.0001 |
Estimates are adjusted means ± SEs from multiple linear or logistic regression models with each variable in the table as a continuous or dichotomous dependent. The independent variables included age (continuous), race-ethnicity (non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, Mexican American, or all others), years of education (<12 y, 12 y, some college, or ≥college), family poverty income ratio (<130%, 130–349%, or ≥350%), recalled day of intake (Monday–Thursday or Friday–Sunday), month of Mobile Examination Center exam (November–April or May–October), BMI (in kg/m2; <25, 25–29.9, or ≥30), any self-reported recreational activity (yes or no), smoking status (never, former, or current smoker), any self-reported chronic disease (yes or no), and survey cycle (2003–2004, 2005–2006, or 2007–2008). For dietary total fat, saturated fat, total sugars, fiber, and sodium, additional models included energy from all foods as an independent variable. n = 6081 for all variables except as noted.
Tertile 1 of 24-h energy from beverages (<60 y, <174 kcal; ≥60 y, <112 kcal), tertile 2 of 24-h energy from beverages (<60 y, 174–409 kcal; ≥60 y, 112–257 kcal), and tertile 3 of 24-h energy from beverages (<60 y, >409 kcal; ≥60 y, >257 kcal).
value across ordered tertiles of beverage energy.
= 5919.
= 6072.
= 5942.