TABLE 3.
BCMO1-weighted gene score associations with plasma carotenoid concentrations among the testing subset of women with genome-wide scans (n = 775–778)1
| Geometric mean concentration by gene score quintile (95% CI) 2 |
||||||||
| Biomarker | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | β (SE)3 | P value | Multiple partial4R2 |
| μg/L | ||||||||
| β-Carotene5 | 194 (176, 214) | 197 (178, 218) | 218 (190, 250) | 244 (227, 262) | 288 (264, 314) | 1.076 (0.154) | 6.4 × 10−12 | 0.061 |
| α-Carotene6 | 57 (52, 63) | 57 (52, 62) | 54 (49, 60) | 61 (56, 66) | 66 (60, 71) | 0.7362 (0.250) | 3.3 × 10−3 | 0.011 |
| β-Cryptoxanthin7 | 68 (63, 73) | 69 (64, 75) | 74 (69, 80) | 70 (64, 75) | 78 (72, 84) | 0.8191 (0.354) | 0.02 | 0.007 |
| Lutein/zeaxanthin8 | 140 (133, 147) | 167 (157, 178) | 176 (166, 186) | 190 (180, 202) | 191 (181, 203) | 1.099 (0.126) | 1.8 × 10−17 | 0.092 |
PMH, postmenopausal hormone; SSE, sum of squared errors.
Covariate-adjusted geometric mean plasma biomarker concentrations determined by back-transforming the least-squares means from the linear regression model described below with gene scores modeled as quintile indicator variables.
β-Coefficient and SE from multivariate linear regression of each natural log–transformed plasma biomarker concentration (μg/L) on corresponding continuous weighted gene score were adjusted for age, case-control status, cholesterol (mg/dL, or missing indicator), BMI (kg/m2), smoking (never/former, current <15 cigarettes/d, or current ≥15 cigarettes/d), menopausal status and PMH use (premenopausal; postmenopausal, no PMH; postmenopausal, PMH; or unknown), alcohol intake (g/d), total fat intake (g/d), and dietary intake of the outcome of interest (μg/d for carotenoids or IU/d for retinol). β-Carotene, α-carotene, and β-cryptoxanthin were also adjusted for dietary retinol intake (IU/d).
Multiple partial R2: SSE for the covariate-only model − SSE for the model with gene score and covariates divided by SSE for the covariate-only model.
Weighted gene score = (0.1637 × rs4889286 T) + (0.1274 × rs12934922 T); weights derived from testing data set were 0.1744 and 0.1397, respectively.
Weighted gene score = (0.06530 × rs4889286 T) + (0.1075 × rs4889293 G); weights derived from testing data set were 0.06860 and 0.06538, respectively.
Weighted gene score = (0.07709 × rs12918164 A) + (0.04916 × rs4889293 G); weights derived from testing data set were 0.05722 and 0.04560, respectively.
Weighted gene score = (0.1636 × rs56389940 A) + (0.06580 × rs10048138 A); weights derived from testing data set were 0.1792 and 0.1334, respectively.