TABLE 2.
RRs of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, multiple myeloma, and leukemia by frequency of diet soda consumption in men in the HPFS (1986–2006) and in women in the NHS (1984–2006)1
| Diet soda 2 |
|||||||
| None | <1 serving/wk | 1–3.9 servings/wk | 4–6.9 servings/wk | ≥1 serving/d | P-trend3 | P-heterogeneity4 | |
| Person-years (thousands) | |||||||
| Men | 262.2 | 137.4 | 161.5 | 83.2 | 140.1 | — | — |
| Women | 369.9 | 177.7 | 345.4 | 198.0 | 303.0 | — | — |
| Non-Hodgkin lymphoma | |||||||
| Men | |||||||
| Cases (n) | 172 | 122 | 124 | 53 | 100 | — | — |
| Simple model | 1.00 (—)5 | 1.14 (0.90, 1.45) | 1.09 (0.86, 1.38) | 0.99 (0.72, 1.35) | 1.30 (1.01, 1.68) | 0.11 | — |
| Multivariable | 1.00 (—) | 1.12 (0.88, 1.43) | 1.06 (0.83, 1.34) | 0.96 (0.69, 1.32) | 1.31 (1.01, 1.72) | 0.11 | — |
| Women | |||||||
| Cases (n) | 189 | 167 | 173 | 87 | 137 | — | — |
| Simple model | 1.00 (—) | 1.00 (0.81, 1.23) | 0.90 (0.73, 1.11) | 0.83 (0.64, 1.08) | 0.98 (0.78, 1.22) | 0.73 | — |
| Multivariable | 1.00 (—) | 0.98 (0.79, 1.22) | 0.90 (0.72, 1.11) | 0.85 (0.65, 1.10) | 1.00 (0.78, 1.26) | 0.999 | — |
| Pooled | |||||||
| Multivariable | 1.00 (—) | 1.04 (0.89, 1.22) | 0.96 (0.82, 1.13) | 0.89 (0.72, 1.09) | 1.13 (0.94, 1.34) | 0.28 | 0.24 |
| Multiple myeloma | |||||||
| Men | |||||||
| Cases (n) | 40 | 27 | 23 | 12 | 29 | — | — |
| Simple model | 1.00 (—) | 1.15 (0.70, 1.90) | 0.99 (0.59, 1.67) | 1.04 (0.54, 2.00) | 1.86 (1.14, 3.05) | 0.02 | — |
| Multivariable | 1.00 (—) | 1.17 (0.70, 1.96) | 1.04 (0.61, 1.78) | 1.08 (0.55, 2.12) | 2.02 (1.20, 3.40) | 0.01 | — |
| Women | |||||||
| Cases (n) | 39 | 28 | 40 | 23 | 24 | — | — |
| Simple model | 1.00 (—) | 0.77 (0.47, 1.26) | 0.95 (0.61, 1.49) | 1.04 (0.62, 1.75) | 0.86 (0.51, 1.44) | 0.94 | — |
| Multivariable | 1.00 (—) | 0.71 (0.43, 1.17) | 0.86 (0.54, 1.37) | 0.95 (0.55, 1.63) | 0.79 (0.45, 1.36) | 0.79 | — |
| Pooled | |||||||
| Multivariable | 1.00 (—) | 0.91 (0.63, 1.30) | 0.94 (0.66, 1.33) | 1.00 (0.65, 1.52) | 1.29 (0.89, 1.89)6 | 0.10 | 0.04 |
| Leukemia | |||||||
| Men | |||||||
| Cases | 52 | 33 | 49 | 19 | 33 | — | — |
| Simple model | 1.00 (—) | 1.08 (0.69, 1.68) | 1.50 (1.01, 2.23) | 1.23 (0.72, 2.11) | 1.49 (0.95, 2.34) | 0.10 | — |
| Multivariable | 1.00 (—) | 1.07 (0.68, 1.68) | 1.51 (1.00, 2.28) | 1.29 (0.75, 2.24) | 1.47 (0.92, 2.35) | 0.13 | — |
| Women | |||||||
| Cases | 33 | 31 | 37 | 21 | 31 | — | — |
| Simple model | 1.00 (—) | 1.01 (0.62, 1.66) | 1.06 (0.66, 1.70) | 1.17 (0.67, 2.03) | 1.35 (0.82, 2.22) | 0.17 | — |
| Multivariable | 1.00 (—) | 1.04 (0.63, 1.73) | 1.05 (0.64, 1.72) | 1.21 (0.68, 2.17) | 1.36 (0.80, 2.31) | 0.20 | — |
| Pooled | |||||||
| Multivariable | 1.00 (—) | 1.06 (0.75, 1.48) | 1.30 (0.95, 1.78) | 1.26 (0.84, 1.87) | 1.42 (1.00, 2.02) | 0.05 | 0.93 |
Cox proportional hazards models were used to compute RRs (95% CIs) and P-trend values. Heterogeneity between main results for men and women was tested by using the random-effects method of DerSimonian and Laird (22). Simple model values were adjusted for age and questionnaire cycle. Multivariable values were adjusted for age; questionnaire cycle; sugar-sweetened soda consumption; fruit and vegetable consumption; multivitamin use; intakes of alcohol, saturated fat, animal protein, and total energy; race; BMI; height; discretionary physical activity; smoking history; and menopausal status and use of hormone replacement therapy (women only). HPFS, Health Professionals Follow-Up Study; NHS, Nurses’ Health Study.
Frequency of diet soda consumption on the basis of a 12–fl oz (355 mL) serving that was equivalent to one glass, bottle, or can
Test for linear trend using median values within each category of diet soda consumption.
Test for heterogeneity between linear models for men and women.
RR; 95% CI in parentheses (all such values).
< 0.05 in the test for heterogeneity between RRs for men and women in the same diet soda category.