TABLE 4.
Multivariable RRs of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, multiple myeloma, and leukemia by frequency of regular sugar-sweetened soda consumption in men in the HPFS (1986–2006) and in women in the NHS (1984–2006)1
| Regular sugar-sweetened soda 2 |
|||||||
| None | <1 serving/wk | 1–3.9 servings/wk | 4–6.9 servings/wk | ≥1 serving/d | P-trend3 | P-heterogeneity4 | |
| Person-years (thousands) | |||||||
| Men | 264.9 | 222.9 | 190.4 | 57.1 | 49.1 | — | — |
| Women | 623.6 | 489.3 | 262.5 | 62.0 | 56.5 | — | — |
| Non-Hodgkin lymphoma | |||||||
| Men | |||||||
| Cases (n) | 181 | 185 | 137 | 36 | 32 | — | — |
| RR (95% CI) | 1.00 (—) | 1.18 (0.95, 1.46) | 1.23 (0.97, 1.57) | 1.27 (0.87, 1.87) | 1.66 (1.10, 2.51) | 0.03 | — |
| Women | |||||||
| Cases (n) | 293 | 293 | 121 | 25 | 21 | — | — |
| RR (95% CI) | 1.00 (—) | 1.15 (0.97, 1.36) | 0.99 (0.79, 1.24) | 0.94 (0.62, 1.44) | 1.01 (0.63, 1.62) | 0.59 | — |
| Pooled | |||||||
| RR (95% CI) | 1.00 (—) | 1.16 (1.01, 1.33) | 1.09 (0.93, 1.29) | 1.11 (0.84, 1.48) | 1.34 (0.98, 1.83) | 0.05 | 0.27 |
| Multiple myeloma | |||||||
| Men | |||||||
| Cases (n) | 47 | 39 | 32 | 5 | 8 | — | — |
| RR (95% CI) | 1.00 (—) | 1.10 (0.70, 1.74) | 1.28 (0.78, 2.11) | 0.80 (0.30, 2.10) | 1.76 (0.77, 4.03) | 0.37 | — |
| Women | |||||||
| Cases (n) | 62 | 56 | 24 | 8 | 4 | — | — |
| RR (95% CI) | 1.00 (—) | 1.03 (0.70, 1.51) | 0.96 (0.57, 1.59) | 1.54 (0.70, 3.38) | 1.07 (0.36, 3.16) | 0.58 | — |
| Pooled | |||||||
| RR (95% CI) | 1.00 (—) | 1.06 (0.79, 1.42) | 1.11 (0.78, 1.59) | 1.18 (0.64, 2.17) | 1.47 (0.76, 2.83) | 0.31 | 0.81 |
| Leukemia | |||||||
| Men | |||||||
| Cases (n) | 71 | 65 | 31 | 11 | 8 | — | — |
| RR (95% CI) | 1.00 (—) | 0.97 (0.68, 1.40) | 0.64 (0.41, 1.01) | 0.96 (0.49, 1.89) | 0.92 (0.42, 2.02) | 0.61 | — |
| Women | |||||||
| Cases (n) | 56 | 55 | 31 | 7 | 4 | — | — |
| RR (95% CI) | 1.00 (—) | 1.27 (0.85, 1.88) | 1.62 (1.01, 2.60) | 1.73 (0.76, 3.96) | 1.39 (0.47, 4.07) | 0.21 | — |
| Pooled | |||||||
| RR (95% CI) | 1.00 (—) | 1.10 (0.84, 1.43) | 0.99 (0.72, 1.38)5 | 1.22 (0.72, 2.06) | 1.06 (0.56, 2.00) | 0.68 | 0.23 |
Cox proportional hazards models were used to compute RRs (95% CIs) and P-trend values. Heterogeneity between main results for men and women was tested by using the random-effects method of DerSimonian and Laird (22). RRs (95% CIs) were adjusted for age; questionnaire cycle; diet soda consumption; fruit and vegetable consumption; multivitamin use; intakes of alcohol, saturated fat, animal protein, and total energy; race; BMI; height; discretionary physical activity; smoking history; and menopausal status and use of hormone replacement therapy (women only). HPFS, Health Professionals Follow-Up Study; NHS, Nurses’ Health Study.
Frequency of regular sugar-sweetened soda consumption on the basis of a 12-fl oz (355 mL) serving that was equivalent to one bottle, glass, or can.
Test for linear trend using median values within each category of regular soda consumption.
Test for heterogeneity between linear models for men and women.
< 0.05 in the test for heterogeneity between RRs for men and women in the same category for regular soda.