TABLE 4.
Effect of multivitamin supplementation on common infectious morbidities among HIV-exposed Tanzanian children, stratified by baseline characteristics
| Effect modifier | Multivitamin | Placebo | RR (95% CI)1 | P value1 | 2 |
| Diarrhea [no. events/visits (%)]3 | |||||
| Sex | |||||
| Male | 510/11,295 (4.5) | 513/10,950 (4.7) | 0.97 (0.83, 1.14) | 0.69 | 0.96 |
| Female | 375/9236 (4.1) | 416/9824 (4.2) | 0.97 (0.82, 1.15) | 0.76 | |
| HIV status at 6 wk [no. events/visits (%)] | 0.42 | ||||
| Positive | 80/1411 (5.7) | 90/1803 (5.0) | 1.12 (0.80, 1.57) | 0.50 | |
| Negative | 800/18,852 (4.2) | 830/18,777 (4.4) | 0.97 (0.86, 1.10) | 0.64 | |
| Low birth weight [no. events/visits (%)] | 0.39 | ||||
| ≥2500 g | 815/18,961 (4.3) | 837/18,809 (4.5) | 0.80 (0.53, 1.21) | 0.29 | |
| <2500 g | 50/1186 (4.2) | 68/1257 (5.4) | 0.97 (0.86, 1.10) | 0.61 | |
| Cough [no. events/visits (%)] | |||||
| Sex | 0.28 | ||||
| Male | 3456/11,272 (30.7) | 3396/10,909 (31.1) | 0.99 (0.93, 1.06) | 0.80 | |
| Female | 2854/9220 (31.0) | 2921/9806 (29.7) | 1.05 (0.98, 1.12) | 0.22 | |
| HIV status at 6 wk [no. events/visits (%)] | 0.33 | ||||
| Positive | 536/1409 (38.0) | 624/1797 (34.7) | 1.10 (0.95, 1.27) | 0.21 | |
| Negative | 5707/18,816 (30.3) | 5611/18,724 (30.0) | 1.02 (0.97, 1.07) | 0.51 | |
| Low birth weight [no. events/visits (%)] | 0.65 | ||||
| ≥2500 g | 5792/18,928 (30.6) | 5707/18,758 (30.4) | 1.01 (0.96, 1.06) | 0.70 | |
| <2500 g | 389/1180 (33.0) | 395/1251 (31.6) | 1.05 (0.88, 1.26) | 0.56 | |
| Fever [no. events/visits (%)] | |||||
| Sex | 0.49 | ||||
| Male | 1337/11,273 (11.9) | 1450/10,914 (13.3) | 0.90 (0.81, 0.99) | 0.025 | |
| Female | 1012/9220 (11.0) | 1161/9806 (11.8) | 0.94 (0.84, 1.06) | 0.32 | |
| HIV status at 6 wk [no. events/visits (%)] | 0.08 | ||||
| Positive | 294/1409 (20.9) | 336/1797 (18.7) | 1.10 (0.91, 1.34) | 0.32 | |
| Negative | 2029/18,817 (10.8) | 2236/18,729 (11.9) | 0.91 (0.84, 0.99) | 0.019 | |
| Low birth weight [no. events/visits (%)] | 0.013 | ||||
| ≥2500 g | 2092/18,829 (11.1) | 2358/18,763 (12.6) | 0.89 (0.82, 0.96) | 0.002 | |
| <2500 g | 205/1180 (17.4) | 163/1251 (13.0) | 1.28 (0.97, 1.70) | 0.08 | |
| Respiratory infections, cough and fever [no. events/visits (%)] | |||||
| Sex | 0.41 | ||||
| Male | 766/11,273 (6.8) | 843/10,915 (7.7) | 0.89 (0.78, 1.01) | 0.07 | |
| Female | 596/9220 (6.5) | 665/9806 (6.8) | 0.96 (0.83, 1.11) | 0.58 | |
| HIV status at 6 wk [no. events/visits (%)] | 0.07 | ||||
| Positive | 181/1409 (12.9) | 192/1797 (10.7) | 1.18 (0.91, 1.54) | 0.21 | |
| Negative | 1164/18,817 (6.2) | 1290/18,730 (6.9) | 0.90 (0.82, 1.00) | 0.05 | |
| Low birth weight [no. events/visits (%)] | 0.006 | ||||
| ≥2500 g | 1210/18,929 (6.4) | 1367/18,764 (7.3) | 0.88 (0.80, 0.98) | 0.027 | |
| <2500 g | 129/1180 (10.9) | 91/1251 (7.3) | 1.46 (1.04, 2.05) | 0.029 | |
| Physician diagnoses of diarrhea4 | |||||
| Sex | |||||
| Male | 0.86 ± 1.25 | 0.85 ± 1.3 | 1.09 (0.93, 1.28) | 0.28 | 0.94 |
| Female | 0.94 ± 1.3 | 0.79 ± 1.2 | 1.10 (0.93, 1.31) | 0.27 | |
| HIV status at 6 wk4 | |||||
| Positive | 0.78 ± 1.2 | 0.86 ± 1.3 | 1.03 (0.71, 1.49) | 0.11 | 0.73 |
| Negative | 0.92 ± 1.3 | 0.83 ± 1.3 | 1.11 (0.71, 1.49) | 0.87 | |
| Low birth weight4 | |||||
| ≥2500 g | 0.91 ± 1.3 | 0.80 ± 1.2 | 1.14 (1.01, 1.29) | 0.036 | 0.016 |
| <2500 g | 0.93 ± 1.4 | 1.42 ± 1.8 | 0.65 (0.42, 0.99) | 0.047 |
RRs, 95% CIs, and corresponding P values were obtained from generalized estimating equations with binomial distribution, log link, and exchangeable correlation structure. The analyses were adjusted for the age of the children (<6, 6–18, and >18 mo).
value for interaction effect.
Total number of events occurring during follow-up, defined as being reported in the 28 d (4 wk) before the visit.
RRs, 95% CIs, and corresponding P values were obtained from generalized estimating equations with the Poisson distribution and log link and by using follow-up time as the offset variable.
Mean ± SD (all such values).