TABLE 3.
Discrete time hazard models of keratotic skin lesion risk in relation to quartiles of nutrient intake by gender (HEALS)1
| Quartiles of nutrient intake |
|||||||||||
| Nutrient | Gender | Q1 (highest) |
Q2 |
Q3 |
Q4 (lowest) |
P-trend | P-interaction | ||||
| n | HR | n | HR (95% CI) | n | HR (95% CI) | n | HR (95% CI) | ||||
| Retinol equivalents, μg/d | Male | 1729 | 1 | 1761 | 1.35 (0.87–2.10) | 1684 | 0.95 (0.56–1.61) | 1433 | 0.85 (0.47–1.52) | 0.11 | 0.03 |
| Female | 2710 | 1 | 2570 | 1.44 (0.59–3.54) | 2561 | 1.66 (0.69–4.01) | 2813 | 2.36 (1.06–5.27) | 0.05 | ||
| Calcium, mg/d | Male | 1993 | 1 | 1710 | 0.79 (0.47–1.34) | 1589 | 1.10 (0.67–1.76) | 1315 | 0.87 (0.50–1.51) | 0.48 | 0.04 |
| Female | 2429 | 1 | 2555 | 1.53 (0.58–4.03) | 2632 | 2.09 (0.87–5.01) | 3038 | 2.56 (1.04–6.25) | 0.05 | ||
| Carbohydrate, g/d | Male | 1315 | 1 | 1471 | 1.10 (0.62–1.95) | 1732 | 0.97 (0.57–1.64) | 2089 | 0.92 (0.56–1.51) | 0.86 | 0.71 |
| Female | 3054 | 1 | 2642 | 1.00 (0.43–2.26) | 2607 | 1.17 (0.58–2.37) | 2351 | 0.66 (0.29–1.51) | 0.62 | ||
| Cholesterol, mg/d | Male | 2240 | 1 | 1774 | 1.01 (0.61–1.67) | 1398 | 1.08 (0.64–1.82) | 1195 | 1.14 (0.68–1.89) | 0.91 | 0.89 |
| Female | 2145 | 1 | 2613 | 2.41 (0.95–6.14) | 2958 | 1.87 (0.71–4.84) | 2938 | 1.36 (0.49–3.72) | 0.75 | ||
| Copper, mg/d | Male | 1851 | 1 | 1878 | 0.81 (0.51–1.28) | 1637 | 0.75 (0.43–1.29) | 1241 | 1.24 (0.73–2.13) | 0.51 | 0.26 |
| Female | 2009 | 1 | 2407 | 0.77 (0.29–2.02) | 2867 | 1.26 (0.55–2.86) | 3371 | 1.80 (0.84–3.84) | 0.11 | ||
| Monounsaturated fats, g/d | Male | 2082 | 1 | 1679 | 1.05 (0.60–1.68) | 1387 | 0.82 (0.41–1.63) | 1459 | 1.20 (0.76–1.91) | 0.76 | 0.52 |
| Female | 2350 | 1 | 2518 | 0.79 (0.34–1.82) | 2795 | 1.12 (0.49–2.56) | 2991 | 0.86 (0.41–1.78) | 0.65 | ||
| Polyunsaturated fats, g/d | Male | 2147 | 1 | 1545 | 1.26 (0.71–2.23) | 1414 | 1.00 (0.56–1.78) | 1501 | 0.96 (0.57–1.61) | 0.51 | 0.43 |
| Female | 1904 | 1 | 2633 | 1.17 (0.47–2.91) | 3146 | 1.01 (0.44–2.31) | 2971 | 0.69 (0.29–1.65) | 0.16 | ||
| Saturated fats, g/d | Male | 2156 | 1 | 1775 | 1.16 (0.72–1.87) | 1574 | 1.36 (0.81–2.30) | 1102 | 1.12 (0.65–1.87) | 0.96 | 0.61 |
| Female | 2268 | 1 | 2482 | 1.26 (0.54–2.89) | 2491 | 1.19 (0.47–3.01) | 3413 | 1.46 (0.67–3.21) | 0.56 | ||
| Fiber, g/d | Male | 2000 | 1 | 1786 | 1.11 (0.70–1.76) | 1577 | 1.18 (0.72–1.94) | 1244 | 1.11 (0.62–1.99) | 0.9 | 0.07 |
| Female | 2302 | 1 | 2304 | 2.21 (0.97–5.06) | 2758 | 1.04 (0.36–3.00) | 3290 | 3.32 (1.45–7.61) | 0.03 | ||
| Folate, μg/d | Male | 2123 | 1 | 1797 | 0.80 (0.50–1.26) | 1573 | 1.04 (0.63–1.72) | 1114 | 1.00 (0.53–1.91) | 0.27 | 0.06 |
| Female | 2264 | 1 | 2456 | 1.81 (0.75–4.35) | 2673 | 1.71 (0.68–4.31) | 3261 | 2.94 (1.26–6.82) | 0.03 | ||
| Iron, mg/d | Male | 2314 | 1 | 1731 | 1.14 (0.72–1.79) | 1506 | 1.10 (0.65–1.85) | 1056 | 0.91 (0.49–1.69) | 0.4 | 0.07 |
| Female | 2006 | 1 | 2450 | 1.75 (0.69–4.41) | 2755 | 1.76 (0.68–4.53) | 3443 | 2.49 (1.03–6.00) | 0.08 | ||
| Magnesium, mg/d | Male | 1273 | 1 | 1415 | 1.22 (0.69–2.18) | 1707 | 0.81 (0.48–1.39) | 2212 | 0.99 (0.60–1.63) | 0.64 | 0.41 |
| Female | 3139 | 1 | 2732 | 1.18 (0.49–2.81) | 2595 | 0.92 (0.38–2.20) | 2188 | 1.38 (0.64–3.02) | 0.4 | ||
| Manganese, mg/d | Male | 1323 | 1 | 1504 | 0.77 (0.41–1.44) | 1769 | 0.95 (0.55–1.64) | 2011 | 0.66 (0.34–1.14) | 0.56 | 0.63 |
| Female | 2775 | 1 | 2773 | 0.68 (0.31–1.51) | 2649 | 0.65 (0.30–1.42) | 2457 | 0.58 (0.26–1.26) | 0.35 | ||
| Niacin, mg/d | Male | 1319 | 1 | 1354 | 1.79 (0.95–3.34) | 1617 | 1.83 (1.02–3.28) | 2317 | 1.68 (0.96–2.96) | 0.23 | 0.12 |
| Female | 2698 | 1 | 2927 | 1.05 (0.50–2.19) | 2856 | 1.16 (0.57–2.38) | 2173 | 0.68 (0.28–1.65) | 0.6 | ||
| Potassium, mg/d | Male | 2160 | 1 | 1816 | 0.72 (0.45–1.14) | 1539 | 0.94 (0.57–1.55) | 1092 | 0.79 (0.41–1.53) | 0.08 | 0.07 |
| Female | 2243 | 1 | 2463 | 0.89 (0.37–2.14) | 2710 | 1.40 (0.61–3.22) | 3238 | 1.92 (0.88–4.15) | 0.1 | ||
| Protein, g/d | Male | 2208 | 1 | 1777 | 0.82 (0.51–1.33) | 1478 | 1.09 (0.66–1.79) | 1144 | 0.93 (0.55–1.59) | 0.4 | 0.79 |
| Female | 2161 | 1 | 2498 | 1.21 (0.51–2.81) | 2719 | 1.86 (0.84–4.11) | 3276 | 1.02 (0.44–2.36) | 0.9 | ||
| Riboflavin, mg/d | Male | 2285 | 1 | 1836 | 0.72 (0.45–1.17) | 1505 | 0.94 (0.58–1.52) | 981 | 0.96 (0.54–1.72) | 0.28 | 0.04 |
| Female | 1982 | 1 | 2426 | 1.09 (0.39–2.98) | 2801 | 1.87 (0.76–4.57) | 3445 | 2.55 (1.06–6.16) | 0.03 | ||
| Selenium, mg/d | Male | 2034 | 1 | 1421 | 0.90 (0.50–1.63) | 1465 | 0.79 (0.46–1.37) | 1687 | 0.87 (0.54–1.40) | 0.78 | 0.31 |
| Female | 2330 | 1 | 2730 | 0.86 (0.38–1.95) | 2865 | 0.82 (0.36–1.84) | 2729 | 0.56 (0.26–1.23) | 0.2 | ||
| Sodium, mg/d | Male | 2452 | 1 | 1699 | 1.31 (0.87–1.96) | 1396 | 0.40 (0.19–0.85) | 1060 | 1.04 (0.58–1.87) | 0.12 | 0.14 |
| Female | 1838 | 1 | 2624 | 1.36 (0.56–3.25) | 2868 | 1.50 (0.61–3.65) | 3324 | 1.72 (0.74–4.04) | 0.27 | ||
| Thiamin, mg/d | Male | 1932 | 1 | 1796 | 1.17 (0.74–1.86) | 1451 | 1.10 (0.64–1.86) | 1428 | 1.08 (0.62–1.88) | 0.9 | 0.13 |
| Female | 1664 | 1 | 2655 | 1.54 (0.64–3.71) | 3186 | 1.23 (0.46–3.21) | 3149 | 2.56 (1.07–6.12) | 0.06 | ||
| Total lipid, g/d | Male | 2173 | 1 | 1830 | 1.25 (0.78–2.01) | 1514 | 1.13 (0.65–1.97) | 1090 | 1.21 (0.71–2.05) | 0.92 | 0.89 |
| Female | 2254 | 1 | 2430 | 1.21 (0.54–2.72) | 2578 | 1.00 (0.39–2.57) | 3392 | 1.33 (0.62–2.84) | 0.71 | ||
| Vitamin A, IU/d | Male | 1637 | 1 | 1681 | 1.29 (0.82–2.03) | 1738 | 0.93 (0.55–1.56) | 1551 | 0.91 (0.52–1.61) | 0.15 | 0.03 |
| Female | 2804 | 1 | 2626 | 1.81 (0.76–4.27) | 2527 | 1.63 (0.66–4.01) | 2697 | 2.56 (1.14–5.74) | 0.04 | ||
| Vitamin B-6, mg/d | Male | 2005 | 1 | 1730 | 0.83 (0.51–1.34) | 1512 | 0.97 (0.58–1.60) | 1360 | 1.00 (0.59–1.68) | 0.3 | 0.29 |
| Female | 2058 | 1 | 2459 | 0.67 (0.27–1.63) | 2936 | 0.82 (0.35–1.93) | 3201 | 1.59 (0.76–3.32) | 0.18 | ||
| Vitamin B-12, mg/d | Male | 2144 | 1 | 1660 | 0.96 (0.58–1.60) | 1521 | 1.00 (0.58–1.70) | 1282 | 1.07 (0.64–1.75) | 0.54 | 0.88 |
| Female | 2241 | 1 | 2755 | 1.19 (0.53–2.70) | 2824 | 1.46 (0.65–3.25) | 2834 | 0.94 (0.41–2.14) | 0.81 | ||
| Vitamin C, mg/d | Male | 1814 | 1 | 1801 | 1.24 (0.77–1.99) | 1616 | 1.56 (0.94–2.57) | 1376 | 1.23 (0.66–2.28) | 0.88 | 0.38 |
| Female | 2606 | 1 | 2505 | 1.38 (0.62–3.08) | 2666 | 0.95 (0.39–2.28) | 2877 | 2.30 (1.08–4.86) | 0.12 | ||
| Vitamin E, mg/d | Male | 1921 | 1 | 1746 | 1.15 (0.70–1.87) | 1640 | 1.10 (0.65–1.87) | 1300 | 1.19 (0.70–2.02) | 0.88 | 0.10 |
| Female | 2331 | 1 | 2359 | 1.54 (0.62–3.87) | 2748 | 1.32 (0.51–3.39) | 3216 | 2.75 (1.30–5.83) | 0.02 | ||
| Zinc, mg/d | Male | 1996 | 1 | 1746 | 1.16 (0.68–1.97) | 1509 | 1.56 (0.96–2.53) | 1356 | 1.25 (0.72–2.17) | 0.73 | 0.71 |
| Female | 2222 | 1 | 2201 | 1.02 (0.45–2.26) | 3034 | 1.02 (0.45–2.29) | 3197 | 1.15 (0.54–2.40) | 0.84 | ||
1
Models are adjusted for age, water arsenic concentration, BMI, formal education, years of education, smoking, and follow-up interval. HEALS, Health Effects of Arsenic Longitudinal Study.