TABLE 2.
HRs (95% CIs) for the Association Between Specific Cancers and Zolpidem Use: Results of Cox Proportional Hazards Regression Analysisa
| Variable | Allb |
Womenc |
Menc |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zolpidem cohort | Nonzolpidem cohort | HR (95% CI) | Zolpidem cohort | Nonzolpidem cohort | HR (95% CI) | Zolpidem cohort | Nonzolpidem cohort | HR (95% CI) | |
| Overall | 1047 | 2924 | 1.68 (1.55-1.82)d | 512 | 1473 | 1.67 (1.49-1.87)d | 535 | 1451 | 1.70 (1.52-1.91)d |
| Oral cancer | 47 | 94 | 2.36 (1.57-3.56)d | 7 | 16 | 1.89 (0.70-5.07) | 40 | 78 | 2.48 (1.58-3.89)d |
| Esophagus cancer | 21 | 46 | 1.95 (1.07-3.55)e | 2 | 4 | 2.11 (0.35-12.7) | 19 | 42 | 1.91 (1.02-3.61)e |
| Stomach cancer | 53 | 207 | 1.28 (0.92-1.79) | 21 | 87 | 1.22 (0.71-2.09) | 32 | 120 | 1.32 (0.86-2.03) |
| Colorectal cancer | 109 | 490 | 1.04 (0.83-1.32) | 63 | 251 | 1.13 (0.83-1.53) | 46 | 239 | 0.96 (0.67-1.37) |
| Liver cancer | 177 | 408 | 1.81 (1.48-2.22)d | 62 | 168 | 1.42 (1.03-1.96)e | 115 | 240 | 2.12 (1.64-2.75)d |
| Lung cancer | 142 | 386 | 1.64 (1.32-2.03)d | 49 | 156 | 1.31 (0.91-1.89) | 93 | 230 | 1.85 (1.40-2.45)d |
| Breast cancerf | 99 | 259 | 1.84 (1.40-2.42)d | 99 | 259 | 1.84 (1.40-2.42)d | |||
| Cervical cancerf | 28 | 110 | 1.62 (1.00-2.62) | 28 | 110 | 1.62 (1.00-2.62) | |||
| Prostate cancerg | 59 | 160 | 1.39 (0.99-1.95) | 59 | 160 | 1.39 (0.99-1.95) | |||
| Endometrial cancerf | 7 | 40 | 1.20 (0.47-3.03) | 7 | 40 | 1.20 (0.47-3.03) | |||
| Bladder cancer | 40 | 110 | 1.60 (1.06-2.41)e | 12 | 34 | 1.66 (0.79-3.50) | 28 | 76 | 1.54 (0.94-2.52) |
| Kidney cancer | 39 | 76 | 2.18 (1.41-3.36)d | 27 | 41 | 2.54 (1.47-4.40)d | 12 | 35 | 1.68 (0.81-3.49) |
| Other cancers | 226 | 538 | 2.16 (1.81-2.58)d | 135 | 307 | 2.31 (1.83-2.91)d | 91 | 231 | 1.98 (1.50-2.62)d |
International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes are as follows: oral cancer, 140.xx, 141.xx, 143.xx-146.xx, and 148.xx-149.xx; esophagus cancer, 151.xx; stomach cancer, 151.xx; colorectal cancer, 153.xx and 154.xx; liver cancer, 155.xx; lung cancer, 162.xx; breast cancer, 174.xx; cervical cancer, 180.xx; endometrial cancer, 182.xx; prostate cancer, 185.xx; bladder cancer, 188.xx; kidney cancer, 189.xx. CI = confidence interval; HR = hazard ratio.
Adjusted for sex, age, benzodiazepine use, anxiety, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity, alcoholism, and depression.
Adjusted for age, benzodiazepine use, anxiety, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity, alcoholism, and depression.
P<.001.
P<.05.
For women.
For men.