Table IV.
Summary of studies reporting recovery of viral nucleic acids in the amniotic fluid in the midtrimester.
| Reference | Population | n | Viral prevalence n (%) |
Virus Recovered (PCR or culture) |
Complications |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| McLean et al. (1995 [100]) | Low-risk | 277 | 0 | -- | -- |
| Wenstrom et al. (1998 [115]) | Low-risk: normal outcome | 60 | 9 (15) | Adenovirus (5), CMV (3), Parvovirus B19 (1) | No significant difference in the prevalence of viruses between normal and poor outcome groups |
| Low-risk: poor outcome† | 62 | 5 (8) | Adenovirus (4), HSV (1) | ||
| Van de Veyver et al. (1998 [116]) | Low-risk | 154 | 4 (2.6) | Adenovirus (3), CMV (1) | -- |
| High-risk | 303* | 124 (41) | Adenovirus (74), CMV (30), enterovirus (22), HSV (9), parvovirus (8), EBV (4), RSV (2) | Non-immune hydrops, ventriculomegaly, growth restriction, stuck-twin syndrome, hepatic calcifications, ascites, myocarditis, pericardial effusion, hydramnios | |
| Burguete et al. (1999 [117]) | Fetuses with and without anomalies | 238 | 64 (26.9) | Papillomavirus (25/208, 12%) Adenovirus (64/238, 27%) CMV (32/183,18%) | Higher prevalence of viruses in amniotic fluid in women with preterm labor and premature rupture of membranes |
| Baschat et al. (2000 [272]) | Low-risk | 240 | 20 (8.9) | Among all pregnancies: adenovirus (39), enterovirus (5), CMV (3), RSV (1), EBV (1), parvovirus (1) | Higher prevalence of viruses in CNS malformations (7), SGA (4), multiple malformations (4) |
| Fetal complications‡ | 138 | 27 (19.6) | |||
| Petrikovsky et al. (2003 [119]) | Fetuses with and without anomalies | 474 | 9 (1.9) | Cultures positive for CMV (5), adenovirus (2), enterovirus (2) | Higher prevalence of viruses in the presence of fetal anomalies |
| Baschat et al. (2003 [101]) | Low-risk | 686 | 44 (6.4) | Adenovirus (37), CMV (5), EBV (2), enterovirus (2), RSV (1) | -- |
| Reddy et al. (2005 [118]) | Normal US | 287 | 24 (8.4) | Adenovirus, enterovirus, CMV, PV B19 | Higher prevalence of viruses in fetal anomalies, SGA, hydrops |
| Abnormal US | 136 | 33 (24) |
*
371 speciman samples: amniotic fluid (n = 253), fetal blood at cordocentesis (n = 42), cord blood at the time of delivery (n = 18), pleural effusion (n = 40).
†
Pregnancies lost within 30 days of genetic amniocentesis.
‡
Fetal anomalies, SGA, proven maternal infections; samples obtained from amniotic fluid, fetal blood or pleural fluid.