Table 5.
Macaque models of smallpox
| Reference | Macaque species | n= | VARV (strain) | Inoculation dose | Route of inoculation | Disease type observed |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brinckerhoff and Tyzzer, 1906 |
M. cynomolgus M. nemestrina |
65 | VARV (unspecified strains collected from 10 patients with active smallpox) | Not specified | Cutaneous, corneal and oral scarification; intratracheal; pulmonary; fomite; direct smallpox patient contact | Mild ordinary or subclinical |
| Hahon and Wilson, 1960 | M. irus | 39 | VARV (strain not specified) | 5 × 104 IU | Aerosol | Mild ordinary |
| Hahon and McGavran, 1961 | M. irus | 5 | VARV (Yamada) | 1.8 × 106–3.4 ×106 IU | Aerosol | Mild ordinary |
| VARV (Lee) | 5.0 × 105–.0 ×106 IU | |||||
| Westwood et al., 1966 | M. mulatta (Indian origin) | 109 | VARV (Higgins) | Not specified | Aerosol | Ordinary |
| Noble and Rich, 1969 | M. irus | 22 | VARV (Harvey) | 5.0 × 106 pfu | Intranasal cage contact | Ordinary |
| Noble, 1970 | M. irus | 8 | VARV (Brazil Study 2) | 106 pfu | IN | Mild ordinary |
| VARV (Pakistan) | Not specified | IN | Mild ordinary | |||
| VARV (Utrecht 65–32) | 108 pfu | IN | Mild ordinary | |||
| VARV (Brazil Study 5) | 107 pfu | IM and IP | Mild to moderate ordinary | |||
| Jahrling et al., 2004 | M. fascicularis | 36 | VARV (Harper) | 108–109 pfu | IV | 106, 107, 108 pfu; ordinary |
| VARV (India 7124) | 106–109 pfu | IV | 109 pfu; haemorrhagic | |||
| Huggins et al., 2009 | M. fascicularis | 8 | VARV (Harper) | 108 pfu | IV | Unknown 108 pfu; ordinary |
| Wahl-Jensen et al., 2011 | M. fascicularis | 27 | VARV (Harper) | 108–109 pfu | IV | 109 pfu; ordinary or haemorrhagic |
IU, infectious units; IN, intranasal; IM, intramuscular; IP, intraperitoneal; IV, intravenous