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. 2012 Nov 15;3:388. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00388

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Map of the geographical distribution of HTLV-1 subtypes (A–G), and the main modes of viral dissemination by movements of infected populations. Small arrows indicate the very probable interspecies transmission of STLV-1 (S) from monkeys to Humans (H) at the origin of some current HTLV-1 subtypes. These different subtypes comprise the Cosmopolitan A subtype with its different subgroups: TC (Transcontinental being the most frequent and widespread one), Awa (West African), Ana (North African), Ajp (Japanese), B or Central African being the most frequent in this large endemic area, C or Australo-Melanesian D, also from Central Africa and present especially in certain Pygmy groups and lastly E, F, G with very few strains yet reported (all in Central Africa). The main HTLV-1 molecular epidemiological studies used to draw this map are the following ones: (Gessain et al., 1991; Gasmi et al., 1994; Miura et al., 1994; Mahieux et al., 1997, 1998; Salemi et al., 1998; Vandamme et al., 1998; Wolfe et al., 2005; Cassar et al., 2007; Gessain, 2011).