Figure 11.
Model of hypothetical transcellular pathway of the toxic metals Ag+ and Cu+ (after reduction of Cu2+ by cell surface enzymes reductase) across gill epithelium of strong hyperosmoregulating Crustacea (freshwater and brackish water Crustacea). Toxic metals compete for putative Na-channel generated by V-type-H-ATPase, and/or electroneutral Na+/H+ exchanger or Ca2+/2H+ as proposed by lobster hepatopancrease brush border membrane vesicles. Toxic metals inhibits basolaterally located Na+, K+-ATPase, and carbonic anhydrase (CA). Later supplying counter ions H+ and HCO3 for ionic exchange by secondary generated transport mechanisms.