Table 2.

Original articles on behavioural physical health interventions in schizophrenia.

Authors and year	Country	Design	Study group (N)	Control group (N)	Diagnoses	Intervention	Target	Length of intervention	Effectiveness
Sletten et al. [1967]	USA	Experimental, crossover	14		SCZ	Calorie restriction	Weight reduction	8 weeks	Yes
Harmatz and Lapuc [1968]	USA	Experimental randomised	21		SCZ	(a) Diet versus (b) group therapy versus (c) behavioural modification	Weight reduction	10 weeks	No (a), Yes (b, c)
Rotatori et al. [1980]	USA	Experimental	7	7	SMI	Counselling, tokens, self-reinforcement	Weight reduction	14 weeks	Not significantly
Lukoff et al. [1986]	USA	Naturalistic	28		SCZ	Holistic programme, including stress reduction	Physical health, cardiovascular fitness	10 weeks	Possibly
Mcdougall [1992]	UK	Naturalistic	11		SCZ	Nutritional education	Weight reduction, eating behaviour	8 weeks	No
Pelham et al. [1993]	Canada	Naturalistic	11		SCZ	Exercise	Physical health, cardiovascular fitness	8 weeks	Yes
Merriman et al. [1995]	UK	Naturalistic	6		SMI	Diet, exercise, self-assertiveness training	Weight reduction	12 weeks	Not significantly
Roll et al. [1998]	USA	Experimental, crossover, ABA design	11		SCZ, SCZA	Monetary reinforcement	Smoking cessation/reduction	3 weeks	Yes (abstinence, reduction)
Aquila and Emanuel [2000]	USA	Retrospective	32		SCZ, SCZA	Low-fat/calorie diet, nutritional education	Weight reduction	18 months	Yes, partially
Ball et al. [2001]	USA	Experimental	11	11	SMI	Weight Watchers programme	Weight reduction	10 weeks	Yes, for men only
Cohen et al. [2001]	USA	Retrospective chart review	39		Mental retardation	Calorie restriction	Weight reduction	2 years	No
Umbricht et al. [2001]	Switzerland	Naturalistic	10		SCZ	CBT, group and individual	Weight reduction	6 weeks	Yes
Feeney et al. [2003]	Ireland	Experimental	9	42	SCZ	Weight management programme	Weight reduction	3 years	Yes
Littrell et al. [2003]	USA	RCT	35	35	SCZ, SCZA	Psycho-education (wellbeing) versus standard care	Weight reduction	6 months	Yes (attenuated weight gain)
O’Keefe et al. [2003]	USA	Naturalistic, retrospective chart review	35		SMI	Dietician input, self-directed diet as part of the treatment plan	Weight reduction	84 ± 21 months	Yes
Vreeland et al. [2003]	USA	Experimental	31	15	SCZ, SCZA	Nutritional education, exercise, motivational counselling	Weight reduction	12 weeks	Yes
Menza et al. [2004]	USA	Experimental	31	20	SCZ, SCZA	Nutritional education, exercise, behavioural strategies	Weight reduction	52 weeks	Yes
Ohlsen et al. [2004]	UK	Naturalistic	44		SCZ, SCZA	Weight management programme	Weight reduction	1 year	Not significantly
Beebe et al. [2005]	USA	Experimental	6	4	SCZ	Walking group	Weight reduction	16 weeks	Yes
Brar et al. [2005]	USA	Experimental, open label, rater blinded, randomized	34	37	SCZ, SCZA	Group behavioural treatment	Weight reduction	14 weeks	Yes
Evans et al. [2005]	Australia	RCT	29	22	SCZ, SCZA	Individual nutritional education + OLZ versus OLZ	Weight reduction	3 months	Yes (attenuated weight gain)
Fogarty and Happell [2005]	Australia	Naturalistic, quantitative	6		SCZ	Structured exercise programme	Physical health, cardiovascular fitness	3 months	Yes
Kalarchian et al. [2005]	USA	Naturalistic, chart review	35		SCZ	Behavioural weight control programme	Weight reduction	12 weeks	Yes, sustained
McCreadie et al. [2005]	UK	RCT	67	24	SCZ	Provision of fruit and vegetables ± nutritional education	Diet	6 months	Yes, but not sustainable
Skrinar et al. [2005]	USA	RCT	10	10	SMI	Exercise	Weight reduction	12 weeks	Not significantly
Alvarez-Jimenez et al. [2006]	Spain	RCT	28	33	SMI (FE)	Early behavioural intervention + OLZ/RISP/HAL versus OLZ/RISP/HAL	Weight reduction	3 months	Yes (attenuated weight gain)
Baker et al. [2006]	Australia	RCT	147	151	SMI	Motivational interviewing + CBT + NR versus NR	Smoking cessation/reduction	12 months	Yes (reduction, discontinuation), No (abstinence)
Brown and Chan [2006]	UK	RCT	15	13	SMI	Health promoting intervention	Weight reduction	6 weeks	Yes
Kwon et al. [2006]	S. Korea	RCT	33	15	SCZ, SCZA	Weight management + OLZ versus OLZ	Weight reduction	12 weeks	Yes
McKibbin et al. [2006]	USA	RCT	28	29	SCZ, SCZA	DART versus TAU	Weight reduction	24 weeks	Yes
Scocco et al. [2006]	Italy	Naturalistic	20		SCZ, SCZA	Psycho-education at an early and late phase of OLZ treatment	Weight reduction	24 weeks	Yes (attenuated weight gain in late intervention)
Weber and Wyne [2006]	USA	RCT	8	9	SCZ, SCZA	CBT versus TAU	Weight reduction	16 weeks	Yes
Khazaal et al. [2007]	Switzerland	RCT	31	30	SCZ, SCZA	CBT versus brief nutritional education	Weight reduction	12 weeks	Yes
Pendlebury et al. [2007]	UK	Naturalistic	93		SMI	Behavioural treatment programme	Weight reduction	4 years	Yes (increasing dropouts)
Poulin et al. [2007]	Canada	Naturalistic	59	51	SCZ, SCZA	Weight control programme	Weight reduction	18 months	Yes
Smith et al. [2007]	UK	Naturalistic	966		SMI	Wellbeing support programme (6 consultations)	Weight reduction	2 years	Yes
Wu et al. [2007]	Taiwan	Experimental	28	25	SCZ	Low-calorie diet, exercise + CLOZ versus CLOZ	Weight reduction	6 months	Yes
Chafetz et al. [2008]	USA	RCT	90	109	SMI	Wellbeing training versus TAU	Physical health	12 months	Yes (self-reported health status)
Forsberg et al. [2008]	Sweden	RCT	24	17	SMI	Healthy living programme versus TAU	Weight reduction	12 months	Not significantly, yes for MetS prevalence
Lindenmayer et al. [2009]	USA	Naturalistic	275		SCZ, SCZA	Structured wellbeing programme	Weight reduction	36 weeks	Yes
Beebe et al. [2011]	USA	RCT	48	49	SCZ, SCZA	Motivational intervention	Physical exercise attendance	16 weeks	Yes
Eldridge et al. [2011]	UK	Naturalistic	159		SMI	Wellbeing support programme	Physical health	9–12 months	Yes (blood pressure, BMI)

BMI, body mass index; CBT, cognitive behavioural therapy; CLOZ, clozapine; DART, diabetes awareness rehabilitation training; FE, first episode; HAL, haloperidol; NR, nicotine replacement; OLZ, olanzapine; RCT, randomized controlled trial; RISP, risperidone; SCZ, schizophrenia; SCZA, schizoaffective disorder; SMI, serious mental illness; TAU: treatment as usual.