Table 3.

Complications related to excess licorice intake.

Cardiovascular	Hypertension
	Hypertensive encephalopathy
	Cardiac arrhythmias and death due to QT prolongation
	Heart failure and pulmonary edema
	Generalized edema
	Embolic ischemia
Neurological	Hypokalemic myopathy Stroke
	Rhabdomyolysis
	Carpal tunnel syndrome
	Licorice-induced myoclonus
	Occular deficits
Electrolyte and renal abnormalities	Hypokalemia
	Metabolic alkalosis
	Elevated CPK
	Acute tubular necrosis due to myoglobinuria
Allergic reactions	Occupational asthma
	Contact dermatitis
Drug interaction	Inhibition of the P450 and CYP3A4 systems
	Potentiation of the effect of warfarin therapy
	Digoxin toxicity due to licorice-induced hypokalemia

CPK, creatine phosphokinase; CYP, cytochrome P450.