Table 1.

Coding category definitions.

Category	Observed actions
Unclear or irrelevant	Not interpretable (e.g., positioning the adult doll in front of a child doll with an unclear or absent verbalization) or irrelevant (e.g., declaring that the adult was picking flowers).
Prosocial	Causing a direct positive outcome for the target (e.g., declaring that the adult was comforting the child doll).
Admonishment	Reprimanding rather than punishing (e.g., a verbalization on the adult doll’s behalf commanding the child doll to apologize).
Punishment	Assignation of a negative outcome going beyond a verbal reprimand.
PUNISHMENT SUBTYPES
Copied verbal punishment	Verbalization on the adult doll’s behalf assigning at least one of the same punishments as demonstrated (withdrawal of sweets or television).
Novel verbal punishment	Verbalization on the adult doll’s behalf assigning a punishment not used in the demonstration (e.g., “Now you have to go home and go to bed”).
Violent punishment	Using the adult doll to knock over the child doll.